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BMS 100 > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Release of N, which can be used to make things like:

A
  • purines and pyrimidines (based for DNA and RNA)
  • heme (for cytochrome and hemoglobin)
  • make Urea (excretory form of N)
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2
Q

which a.a. are branched chains? What is their function?

A
  • valine
  • leucine
  • isoleucine

Function: to transport nitrogen from the liver to other tissues

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3
Q

which amino acids are essential in infants but not in adults

A
  • histidine and arginine
    infants do not yet make sufficient amounts
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4
Q

which amino acids are essential amino acids

A

Any Help in Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable
arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, lysine, methionine, phenolyalaline, tryptophan, valine

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5
Q

what is a complete protein?

A

contains a sufficient amount of EAA to support health
- in general, come from animal products

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6
Q

which amino acids contain sulphur?

A

methionine and cysteine

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7
Q

which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

serine, threonine and tyrosine

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8
Q

which amino acid is an alpha helix breaker?

A

proline

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9
Q

what are the three ways nitrogen can be incorporated into an amino acid?

A
  1. transaminiation (indirect)
  2. transamidation (indirect)
  3. direct incorporation
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10
Q

involves transferring an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha ketoacid

A

transamination

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11
Q

what is the keto acid we produce from alanine?

A

pyruvate

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12
Q

what is the keto acid we produce from glutamate?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

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13
Q

what is the keto acid we produce from aspartate?

A

oxaloacetate

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14
Q

transaminations are which amino acids typically occur in the liver?

A

alanine and aspartate (ALT and AST)

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15
Q

involves transferring an amido group from an amino acid to an alpha ketoacid

A

transamidation

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16
Q

What is a direct way N is incorporated into an amino acid?

A

addition of N directly from ammonia
- can require a B3 coenzyme

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17
Q

which amino acids are in the glutamate family?

A
  1. Glutamine (add a nitrogenn)
  2. Proline
  3. Arginine
18
Q

what is the enzyme for Glu to Gln?

A

glutamine synthetase

19
Q

where does Gln go after converting from Glu?

A

To the liver for disposal via urea cycle

20
Q

which amino acids are in the Asparate family?

A
  1. asparagine
  2. lysine (plants only)
  3. threonine to isoleucine (plants only)
  4. methionine (plants only)
21
Q

which amino acids are in the pyruvate family?

A

alanine
valine
leucine

22
Q

which type of amino acids can the liver not break down? What can the liver do with these?

A

BCAA’s
liver CAN use them to make proteins
instead, they are broken down by extrahepatic tissue for energy
leucine, isoleucine, and valine

23
Q

which amino acids are in the serine family?

A

cysteine
glucine

24
Q

what coenzyme is used by serine to make glycine?

A

B9 (folic acid)
serine = CH2OH
- B9 picks up H and water is released

25
Q

when is folate used?

A

in one carbon transfers
- ser to glycine
- making purines and pyrimidines

26
Q

what is folate first converted to?

A

THF
ex. MTHF - methyl THF, transfer methyl groups

27
Q

what is folate stored as?

A

MTHF
- you need to be able to transfer the methyl group otherwise, it will be stuck in its methylated form

28
Q

what amino acids are in the aromatic family?

A

tryptophan
tyrosine
phenylalanine

29
Q

why is tyrosine non-essential?

A

we can make it from phenylalanine

30
Q

histamine functions include

A

gastric acid production
allergic responses
wakefulness (CNS effect)

31
Q

histidine can be ______ to histamine

A

decarboxylated

32
Q

what are the 2 deamination pathways?

A
  1. glutamine synthetase - requires ATP
  2. glucose-alanine cycle - alanine carries N and doesn’t cost anything to make
33
Q

what starts the urea cycle

A

a combination of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate to make citrulline

34
Q

how much ATP does it take to generate urea in the urea cycle?

A

4

35
Q

how much ATP do we need to detoxify each amino group?

A

2

36
Q

what is the storage group for carbs?

A

glycogen

37
Q

what is the storage group for fatty acids?

A

triglycerides

38
Q

why do we require essential amino acids on a daily basis?

A

no storage group - any extras will be broken down

39
Q

arginase is only found in the _____

A

liver

40
Q

how does the urea cycle connect to CAC?

A

via fumarate

41
Q
A

BMS 100 (37 decks)

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