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AP Biology - Pig > USH Unit 2 > Flashcards

USH Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross National Product

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country during a year

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2
Q

Natural Resources

A

Including timber, coal, iron, and copper

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3
Q

Entrepreneurs

A

People who organize, manage, and assume the risk of a business or enterprise

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4
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

A policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

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5
Q

Union Pacific Railroad

A

Pushed westward from Nebraska in 1865, employed ~10,000 workers

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6
Q

Central Pacific Railroad

A

Hired 10,000 Chinese to meet the Union Pacific Railroad company in Utah

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7
Q

Investors

A

People who put money into a company in order to gain a future financial reward

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8
Q

Land Grants

A

Grants of land by the federal government, especially for roads, railroads, or agricultural colleges

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9
Q

Captains of Industry

A

People who become rich through ethical methods and were positive for the country

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10
Q

Robber Barons

A

A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

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11
Q

The Credit Mobilier Scandal

A

Railroads discovered they could make more money by selling land grants than by operating the railroad

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12
Q

Corporation

A

An organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person

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13
Q

Economies of Sale

A

The reduction in the cost of a good brought about especially by increased production at a given facility

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14
Q

Distribution

A

The act or process of being given out or disbursed to clients, consumers, or members of a group

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15
Q

Consumer

A

A person who buys what is produced by an economy

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16
Q

Vertical Integration

A

The combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies

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17
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

One company growing its operations at the same level in an industry

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18
Q

Monopoly

A

Total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

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19
Q

Trust

A

A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

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20
Q

Holding Company

A

A company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

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21
Q

Chain Stores

A

A series of stores owned by one company that sell the same merchandise

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22
Q

Deflation

A

A decline in the volume of available money or credit that results in lower prices, and therefore increases the buying power of money

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23
Q

Industrial Union

A

An organization of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry

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24
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Natural laws applied to society, used as a justification typically for mistreatment or superiority

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25
Q

Lockout

A

A company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter the facilities to work

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26
Q

Knights of Labor

A

Skilled and unskilled workers rallied for shorter work days, equal pay for men and women, and to end child labor

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27
Q

Arbitration

A

Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider

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28
Q

Homestead Strike

A

Industrial lockout and strike, culminating in a battle in which strikers defeated private security agents

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29
Q

Injunction

A

A court order whereby one is required to do or to refrain from doing a specified act

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30
Q

Closed Shop

A

An agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members

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31
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

National federation of labor unions aimed at providing mutual support

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32
Q

James J. Hill

A

Created the Great Northern railroad without land grants, most successful transcontinental railroad

33
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Perfectionist of lightbulb in 1880

34
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Inventor of phone in 1876

35
Q

Gustavus Swift

A

Invented refrigerated railroad car that revolutionized meat and produce industry

36
Q

Christopher Scholes

A

Inventor of typewriter in 1868

37
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Led expansion of steel industry and became one of the richest Americans in history

38
Q

John Rockefeller

A

Founded a kerosene business in 1860s, bought up competitors until he owned 90% of the nation’s pipeline and could refine 84% of the nation’s oil, his company was broken up by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

39
Q

J.P. Morgan

A

American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finances on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age

40
Q

Eugene Debs

A

One of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, five-time Socialist Party candidate for POTUS

41
Q

Immigrant

A

One who enters and becomes established in a country other than that of his or her original nationality

42
Q

Ethnic Group

A

Large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background

43
Q

Ellis Island

A

Main point of entry and processing center for Europeans

44
Q

Angel Island

A

Main point of entry and processing center for Asia, off coast of San Francisco, California

45
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

Provided a 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States

46
Q

Nativism

A

Hostility toward immigrants by native-born people

47
Q

Urbanization

A

The process of making an area more urban

48
Q

Skyscraper

A

A very tall building

49
Q

Tenements

A

Multifamily apartments, usually dark, crowded, and barely meeting minimum living standards

50
Q

Political Machine

A

An organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

51
Q

Graft

A

The acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician

52
Q

Individualism

A

The belief that no matter what a person’s background is, he or she can still become successful through effort

53
Q

Philanthropy

A

Providing money to support humanitarian or social goals

54
Q

Settlement Houses

A

An institution located in a poor neighborhood that provided numerous community services such as medical cure, child care, libraries, and classes in English

55
Q

Tin Pan Alley

A

A collection of music publishers and songwriters in New York City that dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th and earl 20th centuries

56
Q

Pendleton Service Act

A

Passed in 1883 by Congress, required some jobs to be filled by competitive written exams rather than by patronage

57
Q

Civil Service

A

A system where most government workers are given jobs based on qualification rather on political affiliation

58
Q

Populism

A

A political movement founded in the 1890s representing mainly farmers that favored free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other large industries

59
Q

Greenbacks

A

A unit of paper currency first issued by the federal government during the Civil War

60
Q

Inflation

A

An ongoing increase in prices and decrease in the value of money

61
Q

Graduated Income Tax

A

A tax based on the net income of an individual or business

62
Q

Poll Taxes

A

Taxes of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote

63
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Allowed any man to vote is he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867

64
Q

Jim Crow

A

Statutes enacted to enforce segregation

65
Q

Melting Pot

A

A term used to describe Americanization in which immigrants adopt American culture and abandon culture from their home country

66
Q

Jane Addams

A

Activist for women’s suffrage

67
Q

Boss Tweed

A

Defrauded city, led the Tweed Ring, behind construction of New York County Courthouse

68
Q

William Jennings Bryan

A

Democratic candidate in 1896

69
Q

William McKinley

A

Republican POTUS serving from 1897 to 1901, led a realignment that made Republicans largely dominant in the industrial states and nationwide for decades

70
Q

Oliver Hudson Valley

A

One of the key founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

71
Q

Farmers Alliance

A

American agrarian movement during the 1870s and 80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy

72
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

Founder Tuskegee Institute, believed change would be gradual but African Americans would achieve equality

73
Q

Web Du Bois

A

Equality to whites for African Americans, both socially and economically, founded Niagara Movement, pushed immediate inclusion into white society

74
Q

Ida B. Wells

A

Teacher and journalist that led the anti-lynching movement

75
Q

Mary Church Terrell

A

Activist against lynching, racism, and sexism, helped found the NAACP and the Woman Wage Earners

76
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Immigrant from Denmark, documents urban poor conditions, exposes hardships of NYC’s poor

77
Q

Americanization Movement

A

Activities that pushed assimilation to American culture

78
Q

Social Gospel Movement

A

Tried to better conditions in cities

79
Q

Plessy vs. Fergusen

A

Sued after being arrest for riding in “whites-only” car, case made it to Supreme Court

AP Biology - Pig (14 decks)

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