Chapter 8: Thinking, Language and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

A mental activity that involves thinking and understnading

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2
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Based on the ideas that knowledge about world is stored in the form of representations

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3
Q

Taking makes use of two types of mental representations, what are they?

A

Analogical representations

Symbolic representations

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4
Q

Analogical representations

A

Have characteristics of real objects, such as maps which are analogical representations and correspond to geographical divisions

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5
Q

Symbolic representations

A

Abstract and have no relation to an object

These can be about the words, numbers, or ideas

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6
Q

Categorisation

A

In order t organise a memory, people group things together on the basis of common characteristics

This is an efficient way of thinking, because the amount of knowledge is reduced

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7
Q

Concept

A

A mental representation of a category of related objects, s that not every object has to be stored separately

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8
Q

What are the two other way of forming a concept?

A

Prototype

Example model

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9
Q

Prototype

A

The best example for that category

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10
Q

Example model

A

All the examples of the object together form the concept

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11
Q

What can schemas lead to?

A

Stereotypes

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12
Q

Script

A

Type of schema that helps to understand the sequence of events in situations is called a script

Scripts describe the correct behaviour in a given situation and the order in which they are likely to occur

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13
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts

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14
Q

What can a heuristic lead to?

A

Confirmation bias

Hindsight bias

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15
Q

Framing is also often used when making decisions, what is it?

A

People emphasise the disadvantages or advantages of one of the alternatives

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16
Q

Representativity heuristics

A

The tendency to place a person or object in a category if this person or object is similar to the prototype of that category

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17
Q

Why do emotions also serve as heuristics?

A

Because they provide feedback for making quick decisions

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18
Q

Somatic markets

A

Physical reactions

A gut feeling that tells one that something is a bad idea

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19
Q

Affective prediction

A

Means predicting whether something will make alone happy or not

People generally do not realise how bad they are at predicting they future feelings

20
Q

What are ways to overcome obstacles when problem solving?

A

Restructure

Mental sets

Algorithm

Analogy

Working backward

Sudden insight

21
Q

Restructure

A

To present the problem in a different way

22
Q

Mental sets

A

Thinking back to how one has solved similar problems in the past

23
Q

Issue with mental sets

A

Functional fixation

24
Q

Functional fixation

A

Having mental sets can also cause one to have fixed ideas that make it difficult to find the best solution

25
Q

Algorithm

A

A guideline that will always give the right answer when followed correctly

26
Q

Analogy

A

The problem is compared on the one previously used

27
Q

Sudden insight

A

A solution will simply appear spontaneously in someone’s mind

28
Q

Language

A

A communication system that uses sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules

29
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest units that still have meaning

30
Q

Phonemes

A

The basic sounds of speech

31
Q

Syntax

A

A language is the system of rules about how words are combined in sentences

32
Q

Semantics

A

The study of the system of meaning that underlies words and sentences

33
Q

Aphasia

A

A language disorder resulting in deficients in language comprehension and production

34
Q

What can damage in Broca’s area in the left hemisphere lead to?

A

Expressive aphasia/Broca’s aphasia

35
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Patients can understand what is said to them, but cannot form words or sentences

36
Q

What can damage to Wernicke’s area lead to?

A

Receptive aphasia/Wernicke’s aphasia

37
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Patients can speak fluently, but cannot understand the meaning of words

38
Q

What can extensive damage to the left hemisphere lead to?

A

Global aphasia

39
Q

Global aphasia

A

The patient is unable to produce or understand language

40
Q

How is the right hemisphere involved in language?

A

By processing the rhythm of speech and interpreting what is said

41
Q

What does the linguistic theory of relativity explain?

A

Language determines thought

It is only possible to think though language

42
Q

Why’s is the linguistic theory of relativity not true?

A

Possible to link without knowing language

43
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Mini sentences that lack words and grammatical markers, but otherwise follow a logical syntax and are meaningful

44
Q

What does Chomsky say about language?

A

Everyone has some kind of innate knowledge of a set of universal linguistic elements and relations

45
Q

Surface structure

A

The ways people combine these elements to form sentences and convey meaning

46
Q

Deep structure

A

The implicit meaning of sentences