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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 11: Health and well being > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Health and well being Flashcards

1
Q

Health psychology

A

Studies the relationship between health and psychology

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2
Q

What is the purpose of health psychology?

A

To understand the interrelationship between thoughts, actions, and psychical and mental health

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3
Q

What is well being?

A

The positive state that one seeks through optimal health and life satisfaction

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4
Q

What is the biopsychological model?

A

A model that states that health and illness are the result of several factors, including psychological factors, social conditions, and biological characteristics

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5
Q

What is the body mass index (BMI)?

A

A standard method of measuring obesity, which measures a ratio of body wight to height

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6
Q

What number is considered obese for BMI?

A

30

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7
Q

What is a disadvantage of using the BMI?

A

Does not take into account age, gender, bone structure and more

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8
Q

What is one reason for increase in obesity?

A

More food is available

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9
Q

Why does dieting rarely have an effect?

A

When you eat 4too little, the body reacts by lowering its metabolism and starts using less energy

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10
Q

What are the 3 most common eating disorders?

A

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating disorder

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11
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

A condition in which patients are terrified of becoming fat and eat very little to achieve a significantly low body weight

Consistent lack of recognition of the severity of their current low body weight

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12
Q

Bulimia nevosa

A

Alternates between dieting, binge eating, and self induced vomiting (also known as pruning)

An attempt to get rid of negative emotions, people with tis disease eat large amounts of food in a short period of time

This leads to a feeling of guilt afterwards

They then turn to compensatory behaviours, such as purging, excessive exercise, or abuse of laxatives

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13
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Involves binge eating at least once a week without purging

Having a binge eating disorder causes a lot of distress to the person

Patients often feel embarrassed and guilty and tend to be overweight or obese

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14
Q

What is one way commonly used to reduce smoking?

A

Nicotine replacement therapy

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15
Q

What is nicotine replacement therapy?

A

Examples are:

Chewing nicotine gum

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16
Q

Percentage of success for nicotine replacement therapy

A

10 to 30 percent

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17
Q

Stress

A

A form of reaction that involves an unpleasant condition, such as fear or tension

Results from the way we think about events in our lives

Objectively, does not exist

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18
Q

What is a stressor?

A

Somethings in the environment that is perceived as threatening or demanding, which creates a feeling of stress

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19
Q

What are the two categories of stressors?

A

Major life stressors

Daily concerns

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20
Q

What are major life stressors?

A

Changes or disruptions that are central to a person’s life

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21
Q

What are daily concerns?

A

Small everyday annoyances, such as waiting inline

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22
Q

What is a coping response?

A

A reaction to stress that attempts to reduce or avoid stress

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23
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A

Eustress

Distress

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24
Q

What is Eustress?

A

The stress of positive events, such as preparing for a party that you are really excited about

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25
Q

What is distress?

A

Usually referred to as just ‘stress’, refers to negative events

26
Q

What are the two systems that a stressor activates?

A

A fast acting sympathetic devours system

A slow acting system that comes from the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

27
Q

In case of stress what does the hypothalamus activate?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

What does the nervous system activate during stress?

A

Adrenal glands, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

29
Q

What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Increases heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure, making the body ready for action

30
Q

What happens in the HPA axis during stress?

A

The hypothalamus sends a chemical signal to the pituitary gland, which then releases a hormone

31
Q

What does the hormone from pituitary glands do?

A

The hormone reaches the adrenal glands, which then release cortisol

32
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Circulates throughout the body and to various brain regions, causing blood glucose levels to increase

33
Q

What is a negative effect of chronic stress?

A

Can have a negative effect on long term memory

34
Q

What is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

Consistent pattern of responses to stress

35
Q

What are the 3 phases of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm phase

Resistance phase

Exhaustion phase

36
Q

Alarm phase

A

A reaction that prepares the body for an escape or fight response

37
Q

Resistance phase

A

The body prepares for a longer, more sustained defence against the stressor

38
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

Various psychological and immune systems no longer work

39
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

The physiological response of animals to an attack by fighting or fleeing

40
Q

Which gender usually respond with the fifth or flight response?

A

Males

41
Q

How do females react to stress factors?

A

Tend and befriend response

42
Q

What is the tend and befriend response?

A

In case of stress they will protect their offspring and seek allies

43
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

A hormone that is important for the bond between a mother and her baby

44
Q

The immune system consists of specialised white blood cells, what is their name?

A

Lymphocytes

45
Q

What are the 3 lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

Natural killer cells

46
Q

What are the harmful effects of prolonged stress on the body?

A

Due in part to a decrease in lymphocyte production

This reduces the body’s ability to fight off disease and infection

47
Q

What are the two types of personalities that predict heart disease risk?

A

Type A

Type B

48
Q

What are type A behaviour patterns?

A

Found in people who are competitive, achievement oriented, and aggressive

49
Q

What are type B behaviour patterns?

A

Found in people who are adaptive and relaxed

50
Q

Type A and heart disease risk

A

Type A personality hostility is especially harmful, as it increase the frequency of negative physiological responses that adversely affect the heart

51
Q

What are the 3 ways that stress can cause heart problems?

A

People often deal with this stress by engaging in behaviours that are bad for their health

Some personality traits, such as hostility and depression, have negative effects on people’s social lives, increasing their stress

Negative personality traits and stress can have immediate physiological effects on the heart

52
Q

What does cognitive appraisal allows us to do what?

A

To think about things objectively and regulate our feelings

53
Q

What do primary estimation (appraisals) involve?

A

Deciding whether a stimulus is stressful, harmless, or irrelevant

54
Q

If a stimulus is considered stressful, secondary appraisal determines what?

A

Determines a way to deal with it (coping)

55
Q

What are different approaches for coping strategies of stress?

A

Emotion focused approach

Problem oriented approach

56
Q

Emotion focused approach

A

A person tries to avoid an emotional reaction to the stressor

57
Q

Problem oriented approach

A

A person takes immediate steps to solve the problem

People use a problem focused approach when they think they have a situation under control

Problem focused coping strategies only work if the person struggling with the problem can actually do something about the situation

58
Q

According to positive psychology, what are the 3 components of happiness?

A

Positive emotion and pleasure

Commitment to life

Meaningful life

59
Q

What is the buffer hypothesis?

A

The idea that other people can help an individual cope with stressful events

60
Q

How can spirituality increase well being?

A

Because spiritual people are likely to receive support from faith communities, certain health behaviours promoted by religions, and because of a meaning that can be derived from religious beliefs

61
Q

What hormone has been shown to be involved in feelings of trust?

A

Oxytocin

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

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