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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The ability of the nervous system to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge

Memory makes it possible to record and store information form experiences for later use

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2
Q

What are the 3 phases in information processing for memory?

A

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

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3
Q

When does coding take place?

A

Learning

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4
Q

Into what does the brain convert information into?

A

Neural code

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5
Q

What is storage for memory?

A

The preservation of the undecided representation

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6
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Neural connections that support memory become stronger and new synapses are formed, which is known as consolidation

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7
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Reaching into the memory store to find and recall a previously encoded and stored memory when needed

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8
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

As soon as the memories are activated, they are reconsolidated to be stored in the memory again

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9
Q

When does reconsolidation happen?

A

Happens every time a memory is activated and placed back in the memory

Therefore, memories of events can change over time

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10
Q

What does Hebb propose about memory?

A

Proposed that memory is the result of changes in the synaptic connections

When one neuron excites another, changes take place that strengthen the connection between the two neurons

‘Cells that fire tighter wire together’

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11
Q

What is long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

A process central to the neural basis of memory consolidation

LTP is the strengthening of a synaptic connection, making postsynaptic neurons easier to activate

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12
Q

A requirement for LTP is the NMDA receptor on the postsynaptic neuron. What is the NMDA?

A

NMDA is a glutamate receptor that only responds when there is a large amount of glutamate available in the synapse

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13
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as HDAC, are important for memory. What are HDAC?

A

HDAC is a group of enzymes that inhibit gene expression

Blocking HDAC can lead to increased memory

HDAC functions as an interruption to the memory

This interruption temporarily disappears when something important happens in the environment

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14
Q

What is the term engram?

A

Refers to the physical place of storage in memory

However we now know there is no storage palce

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15
Q

What did Lashley find?

A

Found that memory is distributed throughout the brain, an idea known as equipotential

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16
Q

What did we learn about the brain and memory from HM?

A

We now know that regions within the temporal lobes, such as the hippocampus, are important for the ability to store new memories

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17
Q

What is the sensory memory?

A

Is a temporary memory system related to the sensory systems

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18
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

Only lasts a fraction of a second before that information is converted into neural impulses

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19
Q

What is another name for visual sensory memory?

A

Ionic memory

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20
Q

What is another name for auditory sensory memory?

A

Echo memory

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21
Q

How is information transferred from sensory memory to short term memory?

A

When attention is focused on something

22
Q

What is short term memory?

A

An active processing unit that deals with different types of information

23
Q

What is another name for short term memory?

A

Working memory

24
Q

How long does information remain in working memory?

A

20 to 30 seconds

25
Q

How can information stay longer in the working memory?

A

By repeating it continuously

26
Q

How much information can the working memory usually remember?

A

7 units

27
Q

What is a way to remember more in the working memory?

A

By chunking

28
Q

Where is information permanently stored?

A

Long term memory

29
Q

What are the two separate effects of the serial position effect?

A

The primacy effect

The recency effect

30
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

Releases to the improved recall of objects at the beginning of a list

These objects are rehearsed the most and therefore end up in long term memory

31
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Relates to the improved recall of objects at the end of the list

32
Q

What are the various ways that memory can get into the long term memory?

A

Through repetition

Relevant information about the environment will be transferred to long term memory

33
Q

Into what are perceptual experiences converted into?

A

Mental representations in the brain

34
Q

According to the levels of the processing model, what happens when an item is deeply encoded?

A

The deeper an item is coded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered

35
Q

What are the different types of repetition that lead to different forms of encoding?

A

Maintenance rehearsal

Extended rehearsal

36
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

The repetition of the object

37
Q

Extended rehearsal

A

The meaningful encoding of information

This can be done by linking it to knowledge form long term memory

38
Q

What are schemas?

A

Long term memory structures that help to perceive, organise, process and use information

Schemas direct attention to relevant features

Schemas can be influenced by culture and may therefore be biased

39
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

Anything that helps a person to call a memory can be seen as a retrieval cue

40
Q

What does the principle of encoding specificity say about retrieval cues?

A

Any stimulus encoded together with an experience can later evoke a memory of this experience

41
Q

What does context dependent memory describe?

A

Describes a memory that is recalled when the recall situation is similar to the endowing situation

This type of memory can be based on a certain location, smell and music

42
Q

When does state dependent memory occur?

A

When the memory is reinforced by the eternal state of a person

43
Q

What is a prospective memory?

A

A memory of doing something in the future

This type of memory is easily forgotten, so retrieval cues can be useful

44
Q

What are the 2 categories of memory?

A

Implicit memory

Explicit memory

45
Q

Implicit memory

A

The unconscious memory

46
Q

Explicit memory

A

Includes processes that people use to consciously remember information

47
Q

Cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory is called declarative memory, what is it?

A

Mean that people can consciously think about the memory

48
Q

Explicit memory can also be divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. What is episodic memory?

A

Includes personal experiences

49
Q

What do semantic memory include?

A

Knowledge of facts independent of personal experiences

50
Q
A

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

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