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2720 - Social Psychology > Chapter 2 (1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Experiment: are northern retailers less empathetic?

sent fake jobe applications to buiness owner

applications were good, but explained that the man was convicted of felony manslaughter

what were the variables? results?

A

independent - type of felony
1. vehicle theft
2. homicide

dependent - degree of responsiveness ranging from none to a sympathetic letter

south more responsive for homicide
equallly responsive for theft

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2
Q

______ ______ - tendency to believe that you could have predicted some outcome that you’ve learnt about - when you couldnt have

A

hindsight bias

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3
Q

________-________ - when you can’t conduct a study because its unethical, thinking through how you would test an idea, which can lead you to new ideas

A

thought experiment

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4
Q

________ - a prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances, especially in a research study

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

______ - set of related propositions intended to describe some phenomenon

A

theory

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6
Q

theories are supported by ______ data and more _______ than hypotheses

A

theories are supported by empirical data and more general than hypotheses

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7
Q

name that method of research!

observing some phenomenon at close range

Eg - living with a group of people and studying how they live

A

participant obversation

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8
Q

name that method of research!

look at census, police records, sports statistics, etc

A

archival

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9
Q

name that method of research!

either interviews or written questionnaire that ask people questions

One of the most common

A

surveys

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10
Q

Survey sampling must be _______

a sample that ncludes too many of the same kinds of people is know as a _______ sample

__________ sampling is usually ______, method of sampling that is not random

A

Survey sampling must be representative

a sample that ncludes too many of the same kinds of people is know as a biassed sample

_convinience sampling is usually biassed, method of sampling that is not random

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11
Q

name that method of research!

when the decision to participate in a study is left entirely up to individuals

the investigator has no control over a particular participants level, or score, on a given variable

A

self-selection

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12
Q

name that method of research!

collecting measures at different point in time

A

Longitudinal study

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13
Q

name that method of research in each example!

Eg - living with a group of people and studying how they live

A

Participant observation

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14
Q

Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder

southerners more likely commit homicide and to belive violence is an approrite response to an insult

both these findings are ________

A

correlational

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15
Q

Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder

Had northeners and southeners walk down hall
had confederate insult them
control group was not insulted

indep variables and dep variable?

A

independent
1. insulted vs control group (manipulated variable)
2. Northener or Sounthener (nonmanipulated, correlational variable)

dependent
1. immediate reaction after insult
2. P’s read study of man hitting on other man’s fiancee - their insult levels if they read the story
3. level of testosterone
4. level of insult

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16
Q

Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder

Results?

A

Southerner more immediately insulted than northerners
More likely to describe violent to story
Higher testosterone
Played “chicken” swerved less soon

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17
Q

Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder

what explains the results

A

Are they simply more accepting of violence? naw. found few regional differences

Southerners do favour violence in:
Resp to insults
Resp to threats to home, family, or thinking
Socialising children

South might be a “culture of honour”

Historically many southerners were herding peoples socialised to be violent to protect their livelihood p
Parents would teach their kids not to fear violence and to know how to protect themselves

18
Q

name that method of research in each example!

Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder

what type was it?

A

one independent variable was experimental - whether the participant was insulted or not

one independent variable was correlational - status of northener or southener

19
Q

name that method of research in each example!

researcher is unaware of what qualities each participant brought in addition to what they are measuring - they could arrive in a horrible mood affecting the results

A

self selection

20
Q

name that method of research!

study of a naturally occurring situation as it unfolds in the real world

events occur that the investigator believes to have causal implications for some outcome

A

Natural experiments

21
Q

name that method of research!

uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real-world settings

participants do not know they are taking place in an experiment at all

ensures external validity

A

feild experiment

22
Q

benefit of correlational research

A

If a study might be unethical, or difficult to conduct

23
Q

name that method of research in each example!

You speculate the results you get under diff circumstances

A

thought experiment

24
Q

ecperimental research requires:

an _______ variable,
a ________ variable, and
a _________ _______

A

an independent variable
a depdendent variable, and
a control condition

25
Q

name that method of research in each example!

measuring people’s happiness before and after getting married

A

natural experiment

26
Q

name that method of research in each example!

eg. the researchers who examined how buisness owners reacted to job applications when they had a convicted felony on them

A

feild experiment

27
Q

deifferentiate between external and internal validity

A

External validity - how well results carry outside of the experiment itself (in the real world)

Internal validity - the likelihood that only the manipulated variable produced the results

28
Q

________ the degree to which a measure gives consistent results on repeated occasions

measured by correlations between 0 and 1

A

reliability

29
Q

IQ test validity is measured by correlating IQ tests with grades and job performance

which is an example of _________ ________

A

Measurement validity

30
Q

define measurement validity

A

how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure

correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure i meant to predict

31
Q

_________ ___________ - a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance alone

A

Statistical significance - a measure of the probability that a given result could hace occurred by chance alone

32
Q

statistical significance is determined by what 2 factors

A

1 - effect size

2 - sample size

33
Q

_____ _____ - how much one variable affects another

A

effect size

34
Q

______ ______ - investigators are encouraged or required to share their methods and data with any interested party making it easier to scrutinise

A

open sicence

35
Q

______ ________ _________ - a committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about their ethical appropriateness

A

Institutional review board (IRB) - a committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about their ethical appropriateness

36
Q

there must be what 3 kinds of people in an IRB

A

One scientists, one non scientist and one person who is not affiliated with the institution

37
Q

t or f

Research can be allowed even if it causes embarrassment, physical pain, etc… as long as the research is deemed sufficiently likely to yield good information and the discomfort isn’t too bad

A

true

38
Q

differentiate between informed consent and deception research

A

Informed consent - participants agree and know everything

Deception research - no informed consent

39
Q

_______ - filling the participants in after a deception research study, and asking them on how they felt during/about the procedure

A

debreifing

40
Q

differentiate between Basic and Applied Science

A

Basic science - concerned with understanding a phenomenon on its own

Applied science - concerned with solving real world problems of importance

41
Q

_______ science builds valid theories

A

basic

42
Q

two way relationship between basic and applied science:

_______ research can give rise to theories that lead to _________ - efforts to change certain behaviours

_______ research can produce results that feed back into ______ science

A

Basic research can give rise to theories that lead to interventions - efforts to change certain behaviours
Applied research can produce results that feed back into basic science

2720 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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