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2720 - Social Psychology > Chapter 4 (3) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (3) Flashcards

1
Q

The field of _______ ____ is the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgements that help them, interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future

A

social cogniton

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2
Q

the ________ princeple says that if we want to know how a person will react in given situation, we must understand how they interpret it

A

construal

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3
Q

Understanding others depends on _________ _______

sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from ________ _______

A

Understanding others depends on accurate information

sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from physical appearance

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4
Q

what are snap judgements

A

We judge people quickly, without knowing anything about them

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5
Q

Experiment: Showing ppl faces

Showed ppl faces and had them rate how trustworth, competent, likeable, aggressive or attractive they were

restults? what were the indep vars (2) and the dep var

A

indep vars
1 - given unlimited time to judge faces
2 - judged after seeing face for only a secong

dep var - judgements made

results - they corresponded really well
Shows that judgements are made instantaneously

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6
Q

Experiment: Showing ppl faces

Used computer model to generate faces representative combinations of the two dimensions described and graphed em

what did they find?

A

baby-faced faces seen as trustworthy and non-dominant

faces with small eyes, small forehead, prominent chin, etc, judged as strong, competent and dominant

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7
Q

How accurate are snap judgements?

A

“Only a kernel of truth. But they do provide a kernel”

There is often SOME validity but you cannot put confidence in snap judgements

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8
Q

can we trust first hand information

A

no, can also be deceptive

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9
Q

_________ ________ is an example of misleading firsthand information

Eg. at a meeting, nobody likes an idea, but everyone assumes everyone else does, so no one speaks up, and the idea is accepted even though it’s not genuinely supported.

A

pluralistic ignorance

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10
Q

define pluralistic ignorance

A

when everyone in a group privately disagrees with a situation but believes that everyone else in the group supports it

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11
Q

_______-______ _________ is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others

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12
Q

experiment: teachers and self-fufilling prophecy

(“blooming students”)

explain

A

reasearchers told teacher’s that students in their class would “bloom” in the next year acc to an IQ test

they were actually randomly selected

the expectation that the students would do better made them actually do better bc student/teacher interractions changed

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13
Q

misleading secondhand information:

ppl who transmit info often have an ________ _______ - a desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviours

A

ideological agenda

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14
Q

People _______ certain details and ______ others according to their ideological agenda

A

People accentuate certain details and hide others according to their ideological agenda

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15
Q

misleading second hand informaiton is most commonly distorted for the purpose of _________

A

entertainment

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16
Q

____-____ ______ can lead people to believe they are more at risk of victimisation than they actually are

A

bad-news bias

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17
Q

giave an example of bad-new bias

A

kristina lol

if you watch a lot of murder shows you’ll think you’re more at risk of being murdered

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18
Q

_____ and even ______ information is presented can effect ppls judgements

A

how and even when

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19
Q

what are the two types of order effects? explain them

A

primacy effect - information presented first exerts the most influence

recency effect - information presented last exerts the most influence

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20
Q

the _______ effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)

for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the _____ words are positive, you will more likely to like them

A

the primacy effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)

for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the first words are positive, you will more likely to like them

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21
Q

order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of _______ effect

A

order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of framing effect

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22
Q

define the framing effect

A

the influence on judgement resulting from the way information is presented, such as order or wording

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23
Q

why are order effects considered a type of “pure” framing effect

A

the frame of reference is changed by reordering the info, even though the content stays the same

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24
Q

_______ framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience

A

spin framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience

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25
Q

spin framing involves changing the _______, not just the order, of what is presented

A

spin framing involves changing the content, not just the order, of what is presented

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26
Q

give an example of spin framing

A

the decision to change the name “war department” to “defense department” is an example of

describing ppl as “illegal alins” instead of “undocumented workers” to created unfavourable impressions

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27
Q

everything has a good or a bad side, so anything can be _____ ______ as good or bad to influence ppls judgments

A

spin framed

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28
Q

in framing, why does information framed negatively elicit a stronger response

A

because negative attention attracts more attention and has a greater psychological impact

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29
Q

according to __________ ______ theory, the temporal framing of an event (whther its soon or in the future) influences how we think of it

A

according to construal level theory, the temporal level from which people view event has important and predicatble implications for how they contruse them

30
Q

explain how construal level theory works

A

when an event is far in the future, we think of it in broad, abstract terms

when an event is close at hand, we think aboit t in more concrete terms

31
Q

give an example of construal level theory

A

next week you’ll go to joe kools, but right now you’re on your 6th jager bomb

next month you’ll help kristina move, but later this afternoon you’ll be hanging up her curtains

you take a heavy course load because you contruse it as furthering your education, but when the time comes it is experienced (construed) as spending time in the library and hard work

32
Q

experiment: ahtletes testing how practicing the day of a match affect performance

some told to determine wether practicing the day before a match makes players more likely to win, others trying to find our wether practicing the day before males players more likely to lose

both groups looked at information that supported their hypothesis

what is this an example of

A

confirmation bias

33
Q

define confirmation bias

A

the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it

34
Q

how do we truly test a proposition and avoid confirmation bias

A

some evidence will exist tosupport even the most outlandish propositions,

so we must seek out evidence against it as well as the evidence for it

35
Q

there is another type of confirmation bias when we want a given proporition to be true;

motivated confirmation bias

A

actively looking for supporting evidence to our beliefs or preferences and actively rejecting away evidence that contradicts them

36
Q

differentiate between bottom-up and top-down peocessing

A

bottom-up = conclusions drawn based on the stimuli encountered in their environment
“data driven” mental processing

top-down = filters and interprets bottom-up stimuli in the light of preexisting knowledge and expection
“theory driven” mental processing

37
Q

in top-down processing, the meaning of stimuli is not passively recorded, it is actively ______

A

construed

38
Q

_______ are mental structures that organise knowledge about the social world (people, social roles, events)

“Building blocks of the mind”

A

schemas

39
Q

shemas are primairily used in ___-____ processing of social cognition

A

top-down

40
Q

schemas affect our judgements by:

directing our ________
structuring our _______
and influencing our _________

A

directing our attention
structuring our memories
and inluencing our interpretations/contruals

41
Q

attention is ________

the knowledge we bring to a given situation enables us to dicrect our attention to what’s most important and ginore everything else

A

selective

42
Q

because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our ________, and

because of that, they also influence how we _______ information

A

because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our memory, and

because of that, they also influence how we construe information`

43
Q

shcemas influence what 3 things

A

attention
memory
contruals

44
Q

in a study, stimulus is flashed on a screen too quickly for the P consciously perceive them

the stimulus subliminally influenced their behaviour

this is an example of ______, where the stimulus is the _____

A

this is an example of priming, where the stimulus is the prime

45
Q

______, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing ______ in an individual’s mind

A

Priming, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing schemas in an individual’s mind

46
Q

the most common determinant of schema activation is ______ _____

this can be done through _____

A

recent activation

priming

47
Q

sometimes schema activation is a matter of ______

if someone uses the schema frequently is may become chronically acessible

A

habit

48
Q

schemas are also sometimes applied due to one’s _______ of what might happen

A

expections

49
Q

expections influence information processing by _______ your schema, and then the schema is readily applied at the slighted hint that is applicable

A

priming

50
Q

what two systems do we have for processing information

A

intuitive system and rational system

51
Q

2 systems that process information

________ system - rapid, associative processes

________ system - slower, rule-based processes

A

intuitive system - rapid, associative processes

rational system - slower, rule-based processes

52
Q

intuitive system and rational system

differentiate between their functions

A

intuitive responses:
automatic
rapid
performs many of it’s operations simoutaneously
associative processes

rational responses:
slower
more controlled
rule-based reasoning
performs operations one at a time

53
Q

imagine you’re driving and instinctively hit the brakes to avoid a sudden obstacle on the road. Which system is at play?

A

Intuitive system

54
Q

evaluating job candidates based on their qualifications and experience. Which system is typically used in this scenario?

A

Rational system

55
Q

coins flip and the first 5 are heads

intutive impluse make you expect the next one to be heads too, then you might change your mind

after thinking a little longer, your rational system kicks in and you realize its still 50/50 odds

what is this an example of

A

heuristics

56
Q

_______ are intutive mental operation, perfomred quickly and automatically, that provide efficient, sometimes innacurate, answers to common problems of judgement

A

heuristics

57
Q

heuristics can be relied on

t or f

A

false

they are based on intuitive processes which can be misleading

58
Q

the rely on the _______ heuristic when making judgements based on the ease with which examples or information comes to mind

A

availibility

59
Q

we use the _________ heuristic when we judge how similar that thing is to our conception of the typical member of the category

judge based on stariotypes

A

representativeness

60
Q

When someone judges whether a person belongs to a certain profession based on their appearance and behaviors, which heuristic are they employing?

A

Representativeness heuristic

61
Q

When people estimate the likelihood of a particular event based on how easily they can recall similar instances, which heuristic are they using?

A

Availability heuristic.

62
Q

thinking that kansas has more tornados than nebraska (when they have the same amout) is and example of which kinf of heuristic

A

availability

cause you think of the wizard of Oz

63
Q

married couples were asked to to rate how responsible they were for housework and other daily activities

results? what heuristic does this reflect?

A

BOTH respondents gave themselves more credit

the sum of their respective percentages surpassed 100%

this is an example of the avalibity heuristic - you think of your hard work before others’

64
Q

the term _______ refers to the ease (or difficulty) associated with information processing

A

fluency

65
Q

give an example of something easy to process (fluent) and hard (dislfuent)

A

fluent - being able to see an image clearly

disfluent - an irregular word (like imbroglio) is harder to processes

66
Q

fluency effect behaviour

for example, if you are processing something that is ______ you might be more careful and lsow in your judgements

A

disfluent

67
Q

the ________ heuristic is when people make judgements based of the steriotypes associated with the people in their category

A

representativeness

68
Q

_____-_____ inforation - how many members of the category in question are there relative to the members of all other categories

A

base-rate information

69
Q

you use the respresentativeness heuristic to assume someone is a respublican

_____-_____ information would be how many republicans exist in the local population

A

base-rate information

70
Q

the representativeness hauristic and the availibility heuristic operate toether to create an _______ _______

which is the belief that two variables are correlated when they in fact are not

A

illusory correlation

2720 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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