Chapter 6 (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

when specific attitudes are ______, people are more likely to behave in ways consistent with that attitude

A

primed

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2
Q

to measure attitudes we can measure it’s ________ - how readily it comes to mind

we do this by measuring their _______ ______ - the time it takes a person to respond to an attitude question

A

accessibility

response latency

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3
Q

we can also measure attitudes by determining the ________ of the attitude to the per’sons belief system

to do this we measure a variaty of attitude within a domain and caluculate how strongly each one is _______

A

centrality

linked

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4
Q

_______ _______ measures do no rely on explicit self reports

they are used when someone might be ______ or ______ to report their true opinions or feelings

often used by _______

A

inplicit attitude measures

unwilling or unable

investigators

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5
Q

effective priming and implicit association tests let researchers tap into ____________ attitudes

A

implicit/nonconcious

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6
Q

__________ indicators such as heart rate and brain activity can also be used to measure attitudes

A

physiological

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7
Q

______ was responsible for much of the reasearch done with whether attitudes predict ________

A

LaPiere

behaviour

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8
Q

true or false

attitudes always predicts behaviour

A

false

eg. many eastablishments say they wont serve certain races when serveyed (attitude)
when actually faced with wether or not to serve these racial groups, they do (behaviour0

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9
Q

while watching the office, you refrain from commenting on micheal’s hilarious behaviour because you’re afraid of being annoying

what does this suggest about attitudes and behaviour

A

norms can sometimes stop attitudes from predicting behaviour

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10
Q

experiment: attitudes in romantic relationships

P’s asked to overall evaluate their partners
Some listed reasons why they liked their partner on top of evaluating them

results - a year later, they were surveyed again and those who made general predictions had been more accurate

what could explain tese results?

A

coming up with (the wrong) reasons for an attitude you have can mislead you about that your attitude actually is

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11
Q

__________ on our attitudes can undermine how well our attitudes guide behaviour

because ______ can lead us to focus on the easiest-to-identify reasons for liking or disliking something

A

introspection

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12
Q

does intor spection always undermine how well attitudes guide behaviour

A

NOPE

only when our attitudes are afective - because the true source of our affective attitudes is hard to pin down

introspection on cognitive or behavourial attitudes doesnt have the same effect

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13
Q

highly _____ attitudes do a better job of predicitng _______ behaviours

_______ attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in _______”

A

highly specific attitudes do a better job of predicitng specific behaviours

general attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in general”

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14
Q

general attitudes often do not reflect hour specific behaviours

eg. if someone is homophobic, they not hold negative attitudes towards all gay people

why?

A

your general attitude a specific category will not predict your attitude of a specific person unless they fit the prototype

eg. prejudice about gay people wont apply individually unless the person fits the steriotype you hold

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15
Q

attitudes can sometimes influence behaviour but not as strongly as people suspect

however, ________ can strongly infleunce ________

this is made clear in ______ _____ theory

A

behaviour can strongly influence attitudes

cognitive dissonance theory

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16
Q

_______ coined cognitive dissonance theory

A

festigner

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17
Q

aversive emtotional state = _______

A

dissonance

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18
Q

acc to cog diss theory

how does behaviour influence attitudes

A

dissonance between our attitudes and our behaviour causes aversive emotions

we adjust our attitudes to make them consisntent with our behaviour bc of this

(CDT)

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19
Q

how does CDT affect confidence when making a decision

A

we express greater confidence in our decisions AFTER we’ve made them compared to BEFORE we have made thme

after we’ve made the decision, we want to rationalize it

20
Q

t or f

dissonance can take place before a decision is made

A

TRUE

we can rationalize our behaviour even before it occurs

eg. if you are leaning towards italian food when picking a restaurant, you might rate that italian place better

21
Q

you pay a high price for something and it turns out to be dissapointing (dissonance)

you then justify what you’ve done by saying “its really not that expensive”

this is ______ ______

A

effort justification

22
Q

you are induced to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with your attitudes/beleifs/values (dissonance)

you then change your origional attitude to be consistent with the behaviour you were forced into

this is _______ _______

A

induced (forced) compliance)

23
Q

if you are trying to convince someone to do you a favour, why might it better to use the smallest amount of incentive necessary, rather than a large incentive

A

if incentive for behaviour is just barely sufficient, they will need to rationalise their behaviour (bc of dissonance) and rationalize doing the favour

if the incentive is large, no dissoance will occur and they will not rationalise the effort they had to put in to do the favour

24
Q

experiment: forbidden toy paradigm

children asked to rank toys, and their second favourite becomes “forbidden” - they couldnt play with it while he left the room for a min

2 conditions:
1 - mild threat - experimentor would be annoyed if they played with it
2 - severe threat - experimentor would be very angry

what condition was expected to experience dissonance

A

the mild threat codnition was expected to experience dissoance bs the trheat didnt justify not playing with it

serve threat condition wasnt bc the threat did justify not playing with it

25
Q

experiment: forbidden toy paradigm

how did the kids opinions on the forbidden toy vary based on their conditions

A

severe threat - opinion on forbidden toy stayed the same or improves

mild threat - opinion changed, they liked it less bc they had rationalised their dissoance when they couldnt play with it

26
Q

how can CDT explain why mild punishments are more effective and severe ones in dissuading children from certain behaviours

A

severe ones will stop them from doing something in the moment, but they will still wanna do it later one

mild ones can bring about dissonance from the behaviour to take away temptation all together

27
Q

according to eliot aronson, inconsistency will create dissonance if it implicates what?

A

our core sense of self

ie. our sense of good judgement and personal character

28
Q

we expperience dissonance when we act in ways that are inconsistent with our beleifs and the behaviour

1- was freely ______
2- wasnt sufficiently _______
3- had ________ consequences
4- consequences were ______

A

1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable

29
Q

1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable

why do these things all creat cognitive dissonance

A

because they all threaten people’s sens of themselves as rational, competent, and moral beings

the action was therefore irrational, incompetent and/or immoral

30
Q

how does self-affirmation ease the need to reduce dissonance

A

by allowing individuals to focus on their positive qualities and values and reduces the discomfort associated with conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

31
Q

we know our own attidues by looking at our behaviour and the context in which it occured and inferring what our attidues must be

we dont “just know” our attitudes

this is _____-______ theory

A

self-perception theory

32
Q

self-perception theory is similar to _______ ______

people understand themselves and their attitudes in the same way that they understand others and their attidues

A

social percpetion

33
Q

“i guess i was humgier than i thought”

how does this example explain social perception theory

A

you figured out how you felt about something by examining your behaviour

34
Q

in social-percetion theory, ppl dont _____ their attitudes, rather they figure out what they ____ me

A

change

must be

35
Q

self-perception theory holds that no ______ is involed in attitude formation

A

arousal (aversive arousal)

36
Q

which has more evidence behind it

CDT or self-perception theory?

A

CDT

37
Q

self-perception processes dissonance reduction processes both occur dispite CDT being more accurate

when do self-perception proccesses occur

A

SP - when behaviour conflicts with attitutes that are weaker

38
Q

generally, we use whatever _____ we have ______ to figure out our attitudes

A

generally, we use whatever cues we have available to figure out our attitudes

39
Q

experiment: ppl told to move their head either up and down, or side to side while judging things

those who nodded, liked it more
those who went side to side liked it less

what is this exemplifying about how we form our attidues

A

we use what our body is doing as a cue to evaluate our attitude towards things

40
Q

in able to comprehend how we think and feel about something we nee to _______ it

A

simulate

ie. to understand that i feel happy i need to smile

41
Q

how does botox injection effect people abilities to process sentences containing emotions

A

since they themselves cannot mimic the emotions, the very concepts of sed, angry, and so on, they are harder to access and comprehend

42
Q

according to ______ ______ theory

people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system they live in as desirable, fair , and legitimate due to ________ dissonance

A

system justification theory

ideological dissoance

43
Q

_______ ______ ______ explains how people cope with the crippling anxiety that they will one day innevitably die

how do ppl most commonly deal with this

A

terror management theory

44
Q

accroding to TMT how do ppl deal with the thought of their death

(3 ways)

A

“the denial of death” - maintaining that it’s only the physical body that will die, striving for symbolic immortality

45
Q

other than relgion, how else do ppl try to acehive “symbolic immortality”

A

although they will die, many things they value will live one (eg. legacy, kids,

see themselves as apart of the broader culture, wolrdview and set of values
Ie. country, religion, democracy or even sport team will never die

46
Q

TMT:

if people believe in life after death, they may worry less about achieving a lasting legacy or being remembered

this reduced the need for _____-______

A

self-esteem

ie. the belief in life after death provides a sense of continued existence, so the desire for earthly recognition and self-esteem is less pressing