Chambless "Defining Empirically Supported Therapies"

Question 1

What is the primary focus of the article “Defining Empirically Supported Therapies”?

A. Describing various psychotherapies
B. Proposing a scheme for determining the efficacy of psychological treatments
C. Discussing the history of psychotherapy
D. Analyzing the cost-effectiveness of psychological treatments

Answer 1

B. Proposing a scheme for determining the efficacy of psychological treatments

Question 2

What is emphasized as important before a treatment is established in efficacy according to the authors?

A. Independent replication
B. Cost-effectiveness research
C. Single-case experiments
D. Global acceptance

Answer 2

A. Independent replication

Question 3

What is considered an “Efficacious Treatment” according to the authors?

A. A treatment proven beneficial in one study
B. A treatment proven beneficial in two or more studies by different research teams
C. A treatment popular among psychologists
D. A treatment that is cost-effective

Answer 3

B. A treatment proven beneficial in two or more studies by different research teams

Question 4

What is the role of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in establishing treatment efficacy?

A. They prove the efficacy of a treatment
B. They are the only useful experiment type
C. They help conclude that benefits have been observed due to the treatment
D. They provide qualitative data

Answer 4

C. They help conclude that benefits have been observed due to the treatment

Question 5

What is the concern regarding treatments found to be superior to established interventions for demonstrating equivalence?

A. The established comparison treatment may not have been implemented well
B. The treatments are too similar
C. The treatments are too different
D. The established comparison treatment is outdated

Answer 5

A. The established comparison treatment may not have been implemented well

Question 6

What is emphasized as a crucial aspect of evaluating whether studies supporting a treatment’s efficacy are sound?

A. Popularity of the treatment
B. Availability of the treatment
C. A number of factors including research methodology
D. Simplicity of the treatment

Answer 6

C. A number of factors including research methodology

Question 7

What is the significance of treatments that are found to be superior to conditions that control for non-specific processes or to another bona fide treatment?

A. They are efficacious
B. They are specific in their mechanisms of action
C. They are both efficacious and specific in their mechanisms of action
D. They should replace other treatments

Answer 7

C. They are both efficacious and specific in their mechanisms of action

Question 8

What is TRUE regarding statistical controls?

A. They can be used to draw causal inferences
B. They cannot be used to draw causal inferences
C. They are susceptible to model misspecification and inferential error
D. They are too simple

Answer 8

C. They are susceptible to model misspecification and inferential error

Question 9

What is a possible issue with using only one study to support a treatment’s efficacy?

A. Its design has not been peer-reviewed
B. It may be an aberrant finding
C. Repetitions increase confidence
D. Researchers often fake findings

Answer 9

B. It may be an aberrant finding

Question 10

What is the role of replication in research?

A. It always increases confidence in results
B. It protects the field from drawing erroneous conclusions based on one aberrant finding
C. It complicates the research findings
D. It is only needed in psychological research

Answer 10

B. It protects the field from drawing erroneous conclusions based on one aberrant finding

Question 11

What is the median sample size per treatment condition found by Kazdin and Bass (1989) in their meta-analysis?

A. 50
B. 12
C. 80
D. 100

Answer 11

B. 12

Question 12

What is the primary question clients presenting for treatment are likely to pose, as per the article?

A. Does the treatment actually work?
B. How much does the treatment cost?
C. How long does the treatment take?
D. Who developed the treatment?

Answer 12

A. Does the treatment actually work?

Question 13

What is considered a “Possibly Efficacious” treatment, according to the authors?

A. A treatment with one study supporting its efficacy
B. A treatment with multiple studies supporting its efficacy
C. A treatment with no studies supporting its efficacy
D. A treatment that is popular among therapists

Answer 13

A. A treatment with one study supporting its efficacy

Question 14

A treatment with one study supporting its efficacy is called

A. Efficacious
B. Promising
C. Of interest
D. Possibly efficacious

Answer 14

D. Possibly efficacious

Question 15

Treatments are said to be efficacious and specific in their mechanisms of action
when they

A. Have multiple studies supporting their efficacy
B. Are known to treat the disorder
C. Are found to be superior to to a bona fide treatment
D. Have had their mechanisms studied

Answer 15

C. Are found to be superior to to a bona fide treatment

Question 16

What is true about treatments that are found to be superior to other rival alternative interventions?

A. They are less valuable
B. They are more highly valued
C. They are newer
D. They are possibly efficacious

Answer 16

B. They are more highly valued

Question 17

Which studies should be done after efficacy studies, according to the authors?

A. They are not important
B. They should be followed by research on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness
C. They should be followed by cost-effectiveness research
D. They should be followed by effectiveness research

Answer 17

B. They should be followed by research on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness

Question 18

What is the importance of specificity in establishing the efficacy of a treatment?

A. It is not necessary
B. It is crucial
C. It is only necessary for psychological treatments
D. It is only necessary for drug treatments

Answer 18

A. It is not necessary

Question 19

What is the role of efficacy trials in evaluating the benefits of a given treatment, according to the authors?

A. They are not important
B. They should be given the greatest weight
C. They should be given the least weight
D. They should be weighed equally

Answer 19

B. They should be given the greatest weight