Urinary Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for triple phosphate crystals?

a. struvite
b. calcium carbonate
c. amorphous phosphate
d. calcium oxalate

A

A - “coffin lids” found in alkaline urine caused by UTIs in dogs

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2
Q

A 6 y/o dog is unable to urinate and has a history of disk disease. Upon palpation, the bladder is firm and hard to express. Mechanical obstruction was ruled out.

What type of motor neuron bladder is this? What drugs might help?

A

UMN

Prazosin

(+ Phenoxybenzamine, Tansulosin, Diazepam)

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3
Q

A 4 y/o MN DSH presents with LUT signs. He has been diagnosed with a urinary obstruction. No mechanical obstructions where noted, but he is still straining.

What medications can help?

A

IDIOPATHIC FELINE CYSTITIS, most commonly caused by some type of stress

  • Prazosin or Phenoxybenzamine (alpha blockers)
  • Diazepam - skeletal muscle relaxation
  • Gabapentin - decrease stress and pain
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4
Q

A 4/o MN DSH has been obstructed for 5 days and recently has been unobstructed and put on Prazosin. He is now no longer urinating, has large residual volumes, has a flaccid bladder that is easy to express.

What medication might help?

A

5 days obstruction = detrusor atony!

  • Bethanechol
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5
Q

Which of the following is the most appropriate therapy for detrusor atony?

a. Bethanechol
b. Diazepam
c. Methocarbamol
d. Phenoxybenzamine
e. Phenylpropanolamine

A

A

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6
Q

A 3 y/o FS Lab mix presents for urinary incontinence. She was spayed at 1 year of age. She has been leaking at night and when laying down only. When outside, she urinates normally.

What is the likely diagnosis and what medications could help?

A

urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence

  • Proin (Phenylpropanolamine)
  • estrogen supplementation (DES, estradiol)
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7
Q

In the cat, SQ administration of human recombinant EPO might be indicated as adjunctive therapy in the management of which of the following conditions?

a. blood loss anemia
b. hemolytic anemia
c. nonregenerative anemia
d. polycythemia vera
e. thrombocytopenia

A

C

  • CKD
  • may cause an autoreaction; Varenzin-CA1 (molidustat) approved for cats is less likely to cause this
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8
Q

In cats with LUTD, which of the following are the chemical compositions of the 2 most commonly found uroliths?

a. calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate
b. calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate
c. calcium oxalate and uric acid
d. cystine and calcium phosphate
e. urate and magnesium ammonium phosphate

A

B

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9
Q

A 13.2 lb (6 kg) cat is 8% dehydrated. Assuming a maintenance fluid rate of 60 mL/kg/day, what is the total volume of fluid that should be administered in the first 24 hrs to correct the dehydration and provide for ongoing losses?

a. 360 mL
b. 480 mL
c. 840 mL
d. 1200 mL
e. 1560 mL

A

C

DEFECIT = 0.08 x 6 kg = 0.480 L = 480 mL/day
MAINTENANCE = (60 mL/kg/day) x 6 kg = 360 mL/day
480 + 360 = 840 mL/day

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10
Q

A 13 y/o FS Lhasa Apso with chronic renal failure is brought in for reevaulation. The dog has been treated for the past 6 months with a salt/phosphorus/protein-restructed diet, oral phosphate binders, an H2 antagonist, and iron, as well as SQ human recombinant EPO. The dog has recently become more lethargic and depressed. Findings oh physical examination are unremarkable. PCV has decreased from 31% to 9%. Renal parameters have not changed. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

a. discontinue EPO
b. discontinue ferrous sulfate
c. discontinue H2 antagonist
d. increase EPO dose
e. increase ferrous sulfate dose
f. increase H2 antagonist dose

A

A

anemia is likely the result of autoantibody production and targeting of canine RBC

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11
Q

A 10 y/o MN Jack Russel Terrier is being evaluated because of a 3 week history of straining to urinate. The client reports that the dog passes only small amounts of urine and sometimes the urine is bloody. On PE, the dog resents palpation of the caudal abdomen. Rectal examination detects no abnormalities of prostate gland. An image obtained on cystography is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

a. benign prostatic hyperplasia
b. blood clot
c. pyelonephritis
d. struvite calculus
e. transitional cell carcinoma

A

E

most common in the trigone, where the filling defect is seen + is consistent with age

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12
Q

You diagnose a dog with ascites and hypoalbuminemia. What test would best help in discriminating between PLN and PLE?

a. urine protein dipstick
b. serum globulin concentration
c. UPC
d. bile acids test

A

C

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13
Q

A 6 y/o MN mixed breed dog presents for a routine wellness examination. CBC and chemistry were unremarkable. Proteinuria was detected with an inactive sediment on UA and UPC was 1.2. What is he best next step?

a. prescribe ACE inhibitor
b. start a low-protein diet
c. perform a 4DX snap test
d. prescribe enrofloxacin

A

C

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14
Q

A dog presents with ascites, hypoalbuminemia, and UPC of 3.8. Which of the following differentials is most likely?

a. renal tubular acidosis
b. leptospirosis
c. lyme nephritis
d. grape toxicosis

A

C

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15
Q

Aspirin or Clopidogrel are recommended for dogs with PLN because….

a. help with pain from edema
b. reduce protein loss from the kidneys
c. prevent clot formation
d. aid to reduce fever

A

C

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16
Q

Which of the following is most important for preventing recurrence of struvite uroliths in dogs?

a. feeding a therapeutic diet (Hills c/d)
b. controlling UTIs
c. stimulating diuresis
d. diluting urine by increasing dietary salt intake

A

B

17
Q

A 5 y/o FS Miniature Schnauzer presents for pollakiuria and urinating in the house. She has had the same signs with pyuria and microscopic bacteriuria twice in the last 2 months. Each time she was prescribed PO Clavamox BID for 10 days and her clinical signs resolved within 48 hours. Her current UA again shows pyuria and bacteriuria. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation?

a. urine culture and susceptibility, abdominal radiographs
b. UPC, bile acids
c. prescribe Clavamox for 4 weeks
d. prescribe Hill’s diet for 4 weeks

A

A

18
Q

A 1 y/o FI Maltese presents for a spay. Blood work was unremarkable besides microcytosis, decreased albumin, and decreased glucose. UA reveals ammonium biurate crystals. Which test will reveal the underlying disease?

a. abdominal radiographs
b. urine culture and sensitivity
c. bile acids
d. PTH and PTHrp

A

C

19
Q

An annual health exam, CBC, chemistry, TT4, and UA by cystocentesis are performed on a 12 y/o healthy cat. All results are normal except urine pH of 8 and there are frequent bacteria seen on sediment. The owner does not report problems and states the cat’s urination habits are normal. What should be recommended?

a. potassium citrate
b. Clavamox
c. cranberry supplement
d. no treatments

A

D

20
Q

A 6 y/o dog presents for PU/PD for 3 months. The dog has been drinking 300+ mL/kg of water per day for the last 3 days. The first day, the owner treats with DDVAP and water consumption drops to 87 mL/kg and USG is 1.022. The second day, water consumption is 65 mL/kg and USG is 1.035. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. renal failure
b. central diabetes insipidus
c. psychogenic polydipsia
d. nephrogenic diabetes insupidus

A

B

21
Q

An owner brings in a first morning urine sample from their dog that has been PU/PD for 2 months. Today USG is 1.040, where it was 1.005 last week. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. renal failure
b. central diabetes insipidus
c. psychogenic polydipsia
d. nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

C

22
Q

A 4 y/o MN DSH resents for inability to urinate. The cat was in last week for a urinary obstruction which he recovered from. Upon palpation, the bladder is large, flaccid, and easily expressed. The cat was sent home with Prazosin and has been taking it daily. What medication would be indicated?

a. Phenylpropanolamine
b. Bethanechol
c. Phenoxybenzamine
d. Diazepam

A

B —> LMN bladder + atony, Bethanechol is parasympathomimetic

23
Q

A 4 y/o FS dog presents for hematuria and dysuria. UA shows alkaline urine and bacteria. Abdominal radiographs show a large radiopaque urolith. Which type and bacteria is likely present?

a. struvite, Proteus
b. struvite, E. coli
c. calcium oxalate, E. coli
d. ammonium urate, Staph

A

A

24
Q

A dog presents with PU/PD and USG of 1.003. Which disease is unlikely to be causing this?

a. hyperadrenocorticism
b. pyelonephritis
c. chronic renal disease
d. psychogenic polydipsia

A

C

25
Q

A 2 y/o FS dog presents for urinary incontinence. She only dribbles urine when laying down and while she’s sleeping. What medication will likely help?

a. phenoxybbenzamine
b. prazosin
c. bethanechol
d. phenylpropanolamine

A

D

proin and estrogen are used to treat USMI

26
Q

Which of the following would be most likely to help a cat with feline idiopathic cystitis?

a. amitriptyline
b. clavamox
c. prednisone
d. phenylpropanolamine

A

A

decreases stress and anxiety

27
Q

A Miniature Schnauzer presents with previous history of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. The dog is currently on a urinate s/o diet. UA and ultrasound 3 months after previous stone removal was performed with a USG of 1.010, ph 6, and inactive sediment. What are your recommendations to prevent recurrence?

a. prescribe potassium citrate
b. prescribe ammonium chloride
c. perform a bile acids test
d. perform a urine culture

A

A

28
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the bladder controls…

a. storage or urine
b. voiding of urine
c. neither
d. both

A

A

hypogastric nerve

(pelvic = parasympathetic = peeing)

29
Q

What is a complication of ACE inhibitors?

a. hypokalemia
b. decreased GFR
c. decreased renal blood flow
d. anemia

A

B

30
Q

A 3 y/o MN DSH with intermittent episodes of hematuria, dysuria, and urinating outside the litter box. Another vet prescribed many antibiotic regimens and the cat responded each time. The owner is concerned that no cause has been identified. Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step for managing this cat?

a. longer duration of antibiotic therapy
b. cystoscopy
c. recommend diet for struvite crystals
d. perform abdominal radiographs

A

D

31
Q

What can be a complication of long-standing urinary blockage?

a. detrusor instability
b. detrusor atony
c. USMI atony
d. USMI instability

A

B

32
Q

A 6 m/o FI Labrador presents for constant dribbling of urine and recurrent UTIs. What differential diagnosis should be highest on your list?

a. acquired USMI
b. ectopic ureters
c. urethral rectal fistula
d. pyelonephritis

A

B