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Small Animal Medicine > Non-Regenerative Anemia > Flashcards

Non-Regenerative Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is indicative of regeneration?

A

reticulocytosis above the RI or >60,000/uL

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of non-regenerative anemia?

A

anemia of chronic disease

  • mild to moderate
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3
Q

What endocrine diseases and nutritional deficiencies most commonly cause non-regenerative anemia?

A

hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, estrogen (BM toxicity)

iron, vitamin B12, folate

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4
Q

How does bone marrow disease causing anemia present on blood work? What are the most common causes?

A

normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative

  • infections - Ehrlichiosis, FIV, FeLV
  • toxins, drugs - chemotherapy, estrogen
  • immune-mediated - destruction of precursors
  • marrow neoplasia
  • myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis
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5
Q

What are the most common causes of microcytic, hypochromic / macrocytic, normochromic non-regenerartive anemia?

A

MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC - chronic blood loss, iron deficiency, portosystemic shunt (anemia uncommon/mild)

MACROCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC - FeLV, folate and cobalamin deficiencies

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6
Q

What kind of anemia is caused by chronic disease? How long must disease be present? What are clinical signs dependent on?

A

mild to moderate (25-36%) normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia

  • CATS =1 week
  • DOGS = 2 weeks

related to primary disease, not typically related to anemia

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7
Q

How does chronic renal failure cause anemia? What kind anemia is most commonly seen?

A
  • decreased renal EPO production*
  • decreased RBC lifespan
  • impaired response to EPO
  • GI loss

moderate to severe (20%) normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia

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8
Q

How is anemia of chronic renal failure treated?

A
  • EPO
  • Darbopoietin
  • Varenzin-CA1 (cats)
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9
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia? What kind of anemia is seen?

A

blood loss —> parasites, GI hemorrhage, epistaxis, hematuria

microcytic, hypochromic, non-regenerative

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10
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia most commonly diagnosed? Treated?

A

identification of blood loss

  • iron supplementation +/- transfusion
  • stop bleeding (deworming, pressure, etc.)
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11
Q

How can bone marrow disease causing anemia be differentiated from IMHA or ITP? How is it diagnosed?

A
  • bone marrow disease = other cell lines, like WBCs and platelets affected, non-regenerative!
  • IMHA, ITP = hemolysis, regenerative!

bone marrow aspirate or biopsy

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12
Q

What is immune-mediated non-regenerative anemia (PIMA)? What is seen in the bone marrow?

A

immune response against RBC precursors in the bone marrow, causing severe non-regenerative anemia +/- positive Coomb’s and hemolysis

  • no erythroid precursors present
  • arrest at a specific stage of RBC maturation
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13
Q

How is immune-mediated non-regenerative anemia (PIMA) diagnosed? Treated?

A
  • exclude other causes, like neoplasia
  • bone marrow appearance on biopsy (decreased precursors!)

immunosuppression (Prednisone + second line options)

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14
Q

What is aplastic anemia? What are the 3 most common causes? How is it diagnosed?

A

failure of the bone marrow resulting in all cell lines (pancytopenia)

  1. infections - FeLV, Ehrlichiosis
  2. drugs - chemotherapeutics, adverse reaction
  3. estrogen - human meds/creams, USMI treatment

bone marrow aspirate/biopsy - no RBC, WBC, or platelet precursors

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15
Q

What is myelodysplasia? What is it most commonly secondary to?

A

abnormal development of one or more hematopoietic cell lines, commonly a precursor to hematopoietic neoplasia

  • FeLV in cats
  • immune-mediated disease
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16
Q

What are the 4 most common infectious causes of non-regenerative anemia?

A
  1. Ehrlichia
  2. FeLV +/- Mycoplasma hemofelis
  3. Histoplasmosis (fungal)
  4. septicemia - leukopenic, anemic
17
Q

How does FeLV cause hematologic disorders? What. ismost commonly seen? What is less commonly seen?

A

infects bone marrow elements

non-regenerative anemia —> red cell aplasia with lack of early erythroid precursors = severe macrocytic anemia +/- dysplasia

aplastic anemia —> pancytopenia due to lack of all cell line production

18
Q

What 3 neoplasias most commonly cause non-regenerative anemia?

A
  1. leukemia
  2. multiple myeloma
  3. malignant histiocytosis - disseminated histiocytoma = increased histiocytes or macrophages that destroy BM precursors
19
Q

What is myelofibrosis? How is it diagnosed?

A

proliferative response of bone marrow fibroblasts, replacing BM with fat and connective tissue, typically idiopathic or in response to injury —> BM necrosis = non-regenerative anemia

bone marrow biopsy > aspirate - gives a larger picture

20
Q

What is indicative of a proper bone marrow aspirate or biopsy sample?

A

marrow particles and megakaryocytes

21
Q

Classify the anemia:

A

severe, normocytic, hypochromic, non-regenerative

Small Animal Medicine (52 decks)

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