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histology > bone > Flashcards

bone Flashcards

1
Q

The most dynamic structure in the body; greatly affected by nutritional and metabolic changes.

A

bone

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2
Q

A reservoir for calcium and phosphorus that undergo a constant flux in and out of the bone matrix.

A

bone

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3
Q

how does the bone respond to injury

A

by rapid healing

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4
Q

undergoes internal remodeling throughout life without changing its gross apeparance

A

bone

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5
Q

Bone cells are in contact with each other through cellular processes embedded in tiny channels in the hard bone matrix called

A

canaliculi

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6
Q

form a system of channels that provide a route by which processes from one osteocyte can contact those of adjacent ones and allow osteocytes to communicate with one another for passage of information, nutrients, and/or wastes from cells near blood vessels to the ones trapped in lacunae.

A

canaliculi

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7
Q

highly vascular and grows only by appositional method

A

bone

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8
Q

why do bones cannot grow interstitially

A

because of its rigidity due to mineralization

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9
Q

functions of bones

A

forms the skeleton of the body
provides attachment sites for muscles and constitutes the structural framework of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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10
Q

it houses haemopoietic tissue and serves as reservoir for various minerals

A

bone

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11
Q

2 division of functions of bones

A

support and metabolism

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12
Q

the connective tissue sheath of bone which influences the function of bone

A

periosteum

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13
Q

the 2 components of the periosteum a

A

outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

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14
Q

composed of regular DWFCT (collagen fibers) and fibroblast

A

outer fibrous layer of periosteum

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15
Q

composed of stellate or spindle shaped osteogenic cells from the fibroblast cell line.

A

inner osteogenic layer of periosteim

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16
Q

surrounds the bone, except at articular surfaces and at many sites of muscle attachment

A

periosteum

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17
Q

the contents of the periosteum for maintenance of the underlying bone

A

sensory nerve fibers and a dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

capable of rapidly producing new bone tissue,

A

the pluripotent osteogenic layer of periosteum

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19
Q

Bone cavities and canals are lined by

A

endosteum

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20
Q

this is much thinner than periosteum and outer fibrous layer is loose connective tissue rwathher than dwct

A

endosteum

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21
Q

responsible for internal remodelling of bone

A

endosteum

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22
Q

bone is derived from the

A

mesencgymal connective tissue

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23
Q

bone is consist of

A

bone cells and bone matrix

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24
Q

principal component of bone

A

intercellular substance

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25
Q

it gives bone the ability to to ressist snapping and breaking

A

collagen fibers

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26
Q

(20-30% of total organic material of bone

A

collagen fibers a

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27
Q

proteoglycans attached with GAGs

A

amorphous gel like matrix

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28
Q

the unmineralized matrix of the bone.

A

osteoid

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29
Q

form the osteoid

A

amorphous substance and collagen fibers

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30
Q

gives bones its
hardness and rigidity

A

mineralized osteoid

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31
Q

mineralization of osteoid is chiefly from

A

calcium phosphate and hydroxyl ions

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32
Q

type of bones has 65% mineral content and 35% amorphous substance and
collagen.

A

mature

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33
Q

matrix component which is a gelatinous mucopolysaccharide that binds the proteoglycans together into large aggregates.

A

hyaluronic acid

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34
Q

what type of collagen predominates in the matrix of the bone

A

type 1

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35
Q

what type of collagen is present in the bone

A

2,3,5,10

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36
Q

form the mineral component of bone

A

Inorganic salts which range from calcium and phosphate ions to more complex hydroxyapatite

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37
Q

located
in the holes and pores of the matrix collagen fibers

A

calcium salts

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38
Q

Due to ______, the matrix of bone is poorly
permeable to most nutrients which must subsequently reach bone cells by flowing through the lacunar-canalicular system.

A

calcification

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39
Q

boen cell components

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, bone-lining cells,
osteocytes and osteoclasts.

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40
Q

Except for _____, cells found in bone represent different functional
phases of the same cell type

A

osteoclast

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41
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into

A

osteoblasts

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42
Q

these are bone forming cells

A

osteoblast

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43
Q

synthesise the organic components of the bone matrix.

A

osteoblasts

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44
Q

when do osteoblast become osteocytes

A

after mineralization of the matrix

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45
Q

e responsible for bone resorption.

A

osteoclast

46
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells develop form

A

mesenchymal stem cells

47
Q

, these are
flattened cells with pale cytoplasm and an ovoid to oblong nucleus

A

osteoprogenitor cells

48
Q

osteoprogenitor cells are found predominantly in the

A

osteogenic layer of the periosteum and along vessels of the bone marrow

49
Q

what component of bone does not undrgo mitosis

A

osteoblast

50
Q

different ways in which the osteoblast participate in the bone formation

A

synthesis of type I collagen fibers, non-collagenous proteins,
production of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans,
participation in mineralisation of bone matrix and
modulation of osteoclast function.

51
Q

the youngest and only bone cell capable of mitosis

A

osteogenic cells

52
Q

type of bone cells that is spindle or stellate shaped with round or oval nuclei

A

osteogenic

53
Q

secretes osteoid at the periphery of the bone trabecula and later, hydroxypatite to harden the osteoid

A

osteoblasts

54
Q

osteoblast that is spindle shaped with basophilic cytoplasm dueo to extensive RER and round or oval nuclei

A

inactive

55
Q

osteoblast that is cuboidal and polarized so that their round and oval nuclei are displaced to the cytoplasm away from the bone they are working on

A

active

56
Q

osteoblasts are located in the

A

periphery of bone trabeculae or bone spindles

57
Q

when the matrix is mineralized, the osteoblasts trapped in the matrix differentiates into osteocytes to enter ____

A

maintenance mode

58
Q

these bone cells are the same cells in 2 separate physiologic state

A

osteoblast and osteoclast

59
Q

bone cells that have stopped secreting the bone matrix or have significantly reduced secretory function

A

osteocyte

60
Q

these cells are derived from the osteoblasts that have been trapped in lacunae durimg mineralization

A

osteocytes

61
Q

round or oval cells with round or oval nuclei and cytoplasmic processes

A

osteocyte

62
Q

may fused to form osteoclast

A

osteocyet

63
Q

capable of removing bone matrix through osteolysis

A

osteocyte

64
Q

maintains the integrity of bone by supplying nutrients from blood vessels

A

osteocyte

65
Q

these bone cells are derive dfrom the same line as the monocytes

A

osteoclast

66
Q

large multinucleated cells fromed by the fusion of monocyte precursors

A

osteoclats

67
Q

what is the reason for the brush border on the side of the adjacent to thebone surface in osteoclast

A

to increase surface area for resorption

68
Q

its foamy acidophilic cytoplasm is due to the

A

abundant lysosomes and mitochondria

68
Q

its nuclei are displaced towards the cell border away from the bone edge

A

osteoclast

68
Q

osteoclast is located on the

A

concavities on the bone surface calles resorption lacunae (howship’s)

69
Q

osteoclast resorb bone by

A

releasing lysosomal contents n bone surface to digest collagen fibers and hydrogen ions to dissolved mineralized matrix

70
Q

osteoclasts may be mistaken for

A

megakaryotes

71
Q

Histologically, bone tissue can be divided into two types

A

woven bone and lamellar bon

72
Q

type of bone accdg to density

A

cancellous or spongy and compact bone

73
Q

type of bone accdg to manner of evelopmemt

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

74
Q

forms the cylinder surrounding the hematopoietic cavity of long bones

A

compact bone

75
Q

Develops from cancellous bone by additional deposition of bone substance into existing trabeculae to
form layers called lamellae

A

compact bone

76
Q

a network of anastomosing, angular bone trabeculae separated by interosseous spaces

A

cancellous or spongy bone

77
Q

spaces between bone trabeculae lined by endosteum and filled with myeloid tissue

A

interosseous space

78
Q

an islet of bone atrix

A

bone trabecula or bone spicule

79
Q

have osteocytes within lacunae

A

trabecula

80
Q

do osteons form

A

no

81
Q

since trabecula are quite thin, the osteocytes are nourished by

A

diffusion from bone marrow via the canaliculi

82
Q

found in diaphysis of young tubular bone and in flat bones of mature skull

A

cancellous or spongy bone

83
Q

this may be developed further into compact bone

A

cancellous bone

84
Q

how do compact bone develops from cancellous bone

A

by additional deposition of bone substance into existing trabeculae to form layers called lamellae

85
Q

compact bone presents the ff: lamellae

A

concentric, interstitial, outer circumferential, inner circumferential

86
Q

compact bone is made up of

A

osteon

87
Q

the basic structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

88
Q

these are circular layers of bone substance that surrounds the osteonal canal and constitute the osteon

A

concentric lamellae

89
Q

irregular lamellae of bone that filll the spaces between osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

90
Q

remnants of old osteons varying in size and shape depending on how old they are and how many new osteons have been organized around them

A

interstitial lamellae

91
Q

what makes it possible to a ge a bone

A

the proportion of osteons to interstital system is predictable with increasing age

92
Q

circular layers of bone substance that encircle the outer perimeter of bone beneath the periosteum

A

outer circumferential lamellae

93
Q

circular layers of bone substance that form the wall of the marrow cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae

94
Q

a cylinder composed of 4-20 concentric lamellae arranged around a central opening

A

osteont

95
Q

the central opening in the osteon

A

osteonal (haversian) canal

96
Q

the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes

A

intramembranous ossification

97
Q

the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models

A

endochodrial ossification

98
Q

2 ways of repairing fractued bone

A

primary and secondary intention healing

99
Q

type of healing bone without formation of external callus

A

primary

100
Q

healing of bone with formation of external callus during therepair process

A

secondary

101
Q

stages of bone healing

A

impact
induction
inflammatory
reparative
remodeling

102
Q

manifested by bone injury or trauma

A

impact stage

103
Q

characterized by torn blood vessels, hemorrhage followed by clot formation and death of bone

A

impact stage

104
Q

proliferation of osteogenic cells in the inner layer of the periosteum to form a cellular collar near each bone fragment in the area of the fracture

A

induction stage

105
Q

presence ofr redness, pain, swelling and heat in the area of fracture

A

inflammatory

106
Q

removal of damage or dead bone tissue and blood clot by inflammatory cells that have migrated to the site of fracture

A

inflammatory

107
Q

bonding of the newly formed bone to the dead and live bone

A

remodeling stage

108
Q

replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone and eventual return to normal of the fracture portion of the

A

remodeling stage

109
Q

migration of collars of osteogenic cells and capillaries from the periosteum and endosteum to the fracture

A

reparative stage

histology (11 decks)

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