Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS192 > ANATOMY OF THE HEART > Flashcards

ANATOMY OF THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary vs systemic circulation?

A
  • pulmonary = heart –> lung –> heart
  • systemic = heart –> throughout body –> heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 general principles for organisation of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • supply side
  • exchange network
  • drainage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TRUE/FALSE? arteries are the only supply path

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is major arteries located and how it reflects the characteristic?

A
  • situated to avoid damage e.g. deep in the trunk or on flexor aspects of limbs
  • supply path blood having high velocity so need protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many sources would important structures often receive supply from?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the various degrees of permeability in capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoidal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the 3 pathways of drainage?

A
  • deep veins
  • superficial veins
  • lymphatics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is the cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries

A
  • to shift the same volume of blood/second
  • due to different physiology: pressure decrease –> velocity decrease for good exchange –> increase cross sectional area of drainage to balance the difference between in and out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the shape of the heart?

A

blunt, cone shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the apex and where is the base of the heart?

A
  • base = broad end, align around 2nd-3rd rib
  • apex = pointed end, at midclavicular around 5th and 6th ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the PMI?

A
  • point of maximal impulse
  • where apex push hard against chest wall –> where we can listen to heart pound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does the heart situated within the thoracic cavity and what does that helps with the body function?

A
  • 2/3 heart sit to left of midline
  • apex point anteriorly
  • this helps heart beats to chest wall instead of diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

simply describe small circulation of blood?

A
  • blood goes to right atrium (receive from systemic)
  • blood then drains to the right ventricle (deoxygenated blood)
  • after being pushed out to the lungs for reoxygenate, blood goes back into left atrium
  • then blood drains down to left ventricle and being driven to the systemic circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why does atria of the heart has thin wall?

A

receiving chambers –> not too much work or pushing blood to the circulation pathways –> not need too much muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 3 veins bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

left atrium receives oxygenated blood from:

A

4 pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall from innermost to outermost?

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
  • pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the thickest layer of the heart wall?

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the overall function of pericardium?

A
  • provide lubricated sac –> not damage own heart when beating
  • protect heart against injury and abrasion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the type of epithelial sound at endocardium?

A
  • squamous –> endothelium
  • loose irregular FCT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is endothelium?

A
  • lines the cardiovascular system and prevent blood clottage
  • barrier between blood and wall of system
22
Q

what size of blood vessel at endocardium?

A

small

23
Q

what is a specialised type of tissue that you can find in endocardium and what is it for?

A

purkinje fibre –> carry electrical conduction eventhough not nervous tissue

24
Q

why is there a difference between thickness of the myocardium layer between left and right side of the heart?

A
  • left around 0.5cm, right around 1.5cm
  • need to pump the same volume but left side has a short journey (pulmonary circulation) meanwhile right side has a long journey (systemic circulation)
  • right side needs to generate more force and bigger pressure
25
Q

what type of muscle is myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle

26
Q

what can you find in epicardium ?

A
  • blood vessels
  • loose irregular FCT
  • adipose
  • visceral pericardium
27
Q

which part of the epicardium fuses with pericardium?

A

visceral pericardium

28
Q

describe structure of the pericardium?

A
  • a leathery bag of fibrous pericardium - thin but very strong at the outermost
  • a parietal layer of serous pericardium which adhere with fibrous pericardium and part of visceral serous pericardium
  • pericardial cavity which contains the serous fluid
29
Q

what is AV valve?

A
  • atrioventricular valve
  • between atrial and ventricle of the heart
30
Q

function of the av valve?

A

prevents blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction

31
Q

compare between the left and right side av valves

A
  • left side: biscuspid (2 leaflets) valve
  • right side: triscuspid valve
32
Q

briefly compare diastole and systole phase of the heart, then relates it to the operation of av valve?

A
  • diastole = filling phase (blood flows from atrium to ventricle) –> av valve opens
  • systole = contracting phase (ventricle contracts to push blood through the circulations) –> av valve
33
Q

what is the function of semilunar valves?

A

prevent blood returning to ventricles during diastole:
- pushed open as blood flows out of heart
- close as blood starts to backflow

34
Q

compare the right and left side of the semilunar valve

A
  • right side: pulmonary valve, 3 cusps
  • left side: aortic valve, 3 cusps
35
Q

this is a reminder to put everything in to a circulation and figure out how the valve coordinates with the heart pumping blood around the 2 systems

A
36
Q

what is chordae tendineae?

A
  • heartstring
  • strong tender attach to av leaflet to keep it open/close when there is large pressure
37
Q

what does chordae tendineae also being referred as?

A

parachut cord

38
Q

what is papillary muscle?

A
  • attach to chordae tendineae and the wall of the heart
  • contract to close the valve in a gentle way, not to pull
39
Q

what are the names of the vessels that is associated with blood circulation and supply/drainage of the heart?

A
  • coronary artery
  • circumflex artery
  • coronary sinus
  • great and small cardiac vein
40
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

beating off the heart (approximately 3 billions beats throughout a human’s lifetime)

41
Q

describe the cardiac muscle cell structure

A
  • striated
  • short, branched cells
  • 1-occasionally 2 nuclei/cell
  • central nucleus
  • cytoplasmic organelles packed at poles of nucles
42
Q

how does cardiac muscle cells interconnected with the neiboring ones?

A
  • via intercalated disks (ICDs)
43
Q

____(1)____: connects actin - actin
_____(2)______: connects cytokeratin with each other
___(3)____ is the electro chemical communication

A

(1): adhesion belts
(2): desmosomes
(3): gap junction

44
Q

what cell structure is abundant in cardiac muscles?

A

mitochondria: 20% of cell because oxygen-supplied dependent metabolism –> allow to burn any fuel source –> operate the heart
(whereas mitochondria only 2% of skeletal muscles)

45
Q

what is the conduction system of the heart responsible for?

A

the co-ordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action

46
Q

_______________ alter the rate of conduction impulse generation

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic of autonomic nerves

47
Q

describe structure of the conduction cells?

A
  • ‘bloated’ appearance
  • peripheral myofibrils
  • central nucleus
  • mitochondria, glycogen
  • lots of gap junctions
  • some desmosomes and few adhesion belts
48
Q

conduction cells makes up ____ of the cardiac cells

A

1%

49
Q

why doesn’t conduction cells need intercalated discs but abundant of gap junctions

A

because no need for contracting

50
Q

in autonomic nerves:
- _____(1)_____ decrease heart rate
- _____(2)_____ increase heart rate

A

(1): vagus - parasympathetic
(2): T1-4 spinal nerves - sympathetic

HUBS192 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions