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HUBS192 > RENAL SYSTEM ANATOMY I > Flashcards

RENAL SYSTEM ANATOMY I Flashcards

1
Q

calculate body water for male and female?

A
  • male BW = 60%
  • female BW = 55%
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2
Q

calculate the intracellular and extracellular fluid portion in total body water?

A
  • ECF = 1/3 BW
  • ICF = 2/3 BW
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3
Q

calculate the portion of plasma and interstitial fluid within ECF of BW?

A
  • plasma = 1/5 ECF
  • interstitial fluid = 4/5 ECF
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4
Q

what is the role of urinary system and how does that work to serve the role?

A
  • balance of water and solutes in the body
  • achieve by filtering the blood
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5
Q

what does urinary filter from the blood?

A
  • excess water
  • excess salts
  • metabolism wastes
  • toxins and drugs
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6
Q

what is the amount of blood flow through kidney per minute and what is the amount of urine a typical person produces per day?

A
  • 1200mL
  • 800-2000mL
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7
Q

what does the urinary system need to make sure the role is achieved effectively? (8)

A
  • delivery system for blood
  • selective filtration system
  • filtrate recovery mechanism
  • system to return the recovered, filter fluid to the body
  • system to remove filtrate from body
  • protection
  • ability to communicate with relevant parts of the body
  • be adaptable
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8
Q

what are the major organs of the urinary system?

A
  • 2x kidneys
  • 2x ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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9
Q

what does the structure of the kidneys allow? (4)

A
  • blood to be brought into close proximity with the nephron for filtering
  • blood that has been filtered to leave the kidney
  • pathway for urine to be remove from kidney, stored and excrete
  • protection
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10
Q

what is the location of the kidneys? how is the kidneys situated?

A
  • location: T12 - L3, 11th and 12th ribs
  • ## situated: convex side faces laterally, medial surface has concave notch called hilum
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11
Q

what structures go through hilum?

A
  • renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and the ureters
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12
Q

__________ kidney lies more inferiorly and which organ appears to push it downwards?

A
  • right
  • liver
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13
Q

name the structures that surround, support and protect the kidneys?

A
  • majorily fat
  • peritoneum covered on anterior side
  • renal fascia
  • perirenal fat capsule
  • fibrous capsule
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14
Q

what are the major structural landmarks of the kidney?

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pyramid
  • renal column
  • kidney lobe
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15
Q

what are the 3 regions of the kidneys from outside to inner?

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
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16
Q

what does each renal pyramid ends in?

A

papilla

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17
Q

what is the structure of the renal cortex?

A
  • continuous layer
  • renal columns
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18
Q

what form the kidney lobes?

A
  • cortex (included renal columns) + 1 medullary pyramid –> functional lobes (5-11 per kidney)
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19
Q

what special structure made up the lobes? what does it do?

A

nephrons - tiny tubes that filter from blood and create urine

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20
Q

describe the ‘urine’ pathway of the ‘tubes’?

A

urine –> papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis —–narrow as exit the hilum—–> ureter

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21
Q

name the 3 structures that provide external protection for the kidneys?

A
  • 11th and 12th ribs
  • fibrous capsule
  • perirenal fat capsule
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22
Q

where does renal artery arises from?

A

abdominal aorta

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23
Q

where does filtration occurs in the kidney?

A

cortex

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24
Q

what happens to the filtered blood?

A

return from the cortex to renal vein, then to IVC

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25
Q

what is glomerulus?

A

a structure where blood filtration occurs and made of glomerular capillaries

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26
Q

which structure delivers blood from arteries to glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

27
Q

which structure carries blood from glomerulus to peritubular capillaries?

A

efferent arterioles

28
Q

what does peritubular capillaries do?

A

carry blood to the veins (cortical veins)

29
Q

describe the pathway of blood to kidneys (cortex to be filtered) and then after that

A

abdominal aorta –> renal artery –> series of arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus (glomerular capillary) –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular tubes –> series of veins –> renal veins –> inferior vena cava

30
Q

what is the renal plexus?

A

innervation from a network of autonomic and ganglia

31
Q

which type of nerves ac to adjust diameter of renal arterioles and regulate blood flow?

A

sympathetic

32
Q

what is nephron?

A

a functional unit of the kidney with 1.2mil per kidney, do all the work:
- selectively filter blood at the glomerulus
- selectively reabsorbs or secretes
- produce urine and carry away for storage and expulsion

33
Q

what are the 2 types of nephron, which type dominates?

A
  • cortical and juxtamedullary
  • cortical takes up 85%
34
Q

which type of nephron lies where?

A
  • cortical lies mainly in cortex
  • juxtamedullary extend deep into the medulla
35
Q

which type of nephron is important for the formation of concentrated urine?

A

juxtamedullary

36
Q

which structures comprise the nephron?

A
  • glomerular capsule
  • renal tubules
  • collecting duct
37
Q

which are the associated structures of the nephron?

A
  • glomerulus
  • peritubular capillaries
38
Q

how is the glomerular capillaries specialised for filtration?

A
  • thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells
  • fed and drained by arterioles
  • blood pressure is tightly regulated
39
Q

how is the peritubular capillaries specialised for absorption

A
  • wrap around renal tubules
  • non-filtered solutes that needed to be excreted can pass from here into nephron
  • has vasa recta
40
Q

what is vasa recta?

A
  • extensions that follow nephron loops deep into the medulla
  • only found with juxtamedullary nephrons
41
Q

what do peritubular capillaries receive?

A
  • receives filtered blood from glomerulus via efferent arterioles
  • receives reabsorbed filtrate from nephron
42
Q

what is glomerular capsule?

A
  • a structure that enclose the glomerulus
  • where capillary and nephron meet
  • site of filtration barrier
43
Q

what are the layers characteristics of the glomerular capsule?

A

2 layers
- outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells
- inner visceral layer of podocytes

44
Q

what is podocytes?

A

a specialised epithelium structure that surrounds the glomerular capillaries which is very branched

45
Q

what do the branches of podocytes form and what is it called?

A
  • form intertwining foot processes called pedicels
  • filtration slits form between pedicels
46
Q

describe the filtration barrier

A

barrier lies between blood and capsular space with 3 layers from innermost to outer:
- fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
- fused basement membrane
- filtration slits between the pedicels of podocytes

47
Q

what is the capsular space?

A

a space between 2 layers of the glomerular capsule which receives filtrate

48
Q

what does filtration barrier allow to pass and not allow?

A
  • allow free passage of water and small molecules
  • restrict passage of post protein and RBC
49
Q

what comprise urine?

A

urine = filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

50
Q

describe briefly the nephron pathway

A

renal corpuscle –> proximal convoluted tubule –> nephron loop (descending limb –> ascending limb) –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct

51
Q

what happen at proximal convoluted tubule?

A

bulk reabsorption

52
Q

what structure surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

peritubular capillaries

53
Q

what is the structure of the PCT, relate the structure to the function?

A
  • cuboidal epithelial cells
  • dense microvilli on luminal membrane
  • highly folded basolateral membrane
  • many mitochondria
  • leaky epithelium
54
Q

what structure is abundant in PCT and why?

A

mitochondria for active transport

55
Q

describe the structure and change of structure in the lims of loop of Henle?

A
  • thick descending limb similar to PCT
  • thin descending limb: simple squamous epithelium
  • thin ascending limb: simple squamous epithelium
  • thick ascending limb similar to DCT
56
Q

each limb has __________________________ to water and sodium

A

different permeabilities

57
Q

what does distal convoluted tubule responsible for?

A

fine tuning

58
Q

what is the structure of DCT?

A
  • cuboidal epithelium but thinner than PCT
  • no brush border
  • fewer mitochondria
59
Q

what influence the reabsorption at DCT?

A

aldosterone

60
Q

what does collecting duct do?

A
  • fine tuning
  • filtrate from several DCTs drains into 1 collecting duct and empty at papilla
61
Q

what is the structure of collecting duct?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

2 cell types:
- principal cells: reabsorption
- intercalated cells: acid - base balance

62
Q

what influence the reabsorption at collecting duct

A

aldesterone and ADH

63
Q

describe the change in epithelial at the nephron

A

glomerular capsule with parietal and visceral layer —> PCT cuboidal epithelium with brush border —> thick part of descending limb same structure as PCT —> thin part of loop of Henle simple squamous epithelium —> thick part of ascending limb same structure as DCT —> DCT simple cuboidal epithelium —> collecting duct simple cuboidal with principal and intercalated cell

HUBS192 (23 decks)

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