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Nur 1142 Patho > Mental Health > Flashcards

Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of stress

A

Perceived or anticipated threats that disrupts a persons well being or homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the triggers of stress?

A

 Psychological: emotional (fear, social rejection)

Physical (dramatic temperature changes, abuse)
Physiological (infection, inflammation)

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3
Q

What did Hans Selye find in his experiments with mice?

A

Physiological stress causes

enlargement of the adrenal gland

Decrease lymphocytes level

Development of bleeding ulcers

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4
Q

What was Hans Selye’s conclusions on his mice experiments

A

Psychological stress, impair, ability to resist future stressors

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5
Q

What did Dr. Hans Selye call the general stress response

A

General adaptation syndrome

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6
Q

What are the three stages of adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm stage
Resistance/ adaptation stage
Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload)

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7
Q

The alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome involves what?

A

Stressor triggers the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

Activate, sympathetic, nervous system

Arousal of all body defences

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8
Q

what happens in the resistance adaptation stage of general adaptation syndrome?

A

It begins with the action of Adrenal hormones mobilization contributes to the fight or flight

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9
Q

If the resistance is successful, and the individual goes to the homeostasis state is called what?

A

Allostasis

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10
Q

What is allostatic overload .

A

When adaptation to stress is not successful

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11
Q

What is the consequences of exhaustion stage/allostatic overload

A

Stress related disorders

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12
Q

What are the centres in the body that react to stress?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Hypothalamus pituitary Adrenal axis

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13
Q

How does the HPA axis response to stress?

A

Stimulation of hypothalamus in turn stimulates Pituitary which then stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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14
Q

How do stress affect the autonomic nervous system?

A

It can affect Sympathoneural (SN) limb releasing Noradrenaline

Synpatho- adrenomedullary limb releasing adrenaline (+Noradrenaline)

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15
Q

In the Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A

Hypothalamus secrets corticotropin releasing hormone CRH which stimulate

Pituitary to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH which act on adrenals to secrete cortisol and catecholamines

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16
Q

Cortisol release due to stress can cause what?

A

Increase blood pressure and cardiac output
Increased blood levels of amino acids
Increased lipolysis
Atrophy of lymphoid tissues
Increased lipogenesis in face and trunk
Anti-inflammatory or pro inflammatory
Immunosuppression or enhancers humoral immunity

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17
Q

Cortisol released due to stress

A

Stimulate Gluconeogenesis
Elevated the blood glucose level
Affect protein metabolism
Powerful anti inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent

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18
Q

Abnormal levels of cortisol is linked to what?

A

Obesity
Sleep deprivation
HTN
Diabetes
Atherosclerosis
Loss of bone density

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19
Q

What’s effect of cortisol on immune system

A

Cortisol influence all immune cells
Elevated level, may decrease innate immunity an increase auto immune response

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20
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of cortisol?

A

Is a powerful Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agent

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21
Q

What is the effect of childhood acute traumatic experience?

A

Increased odds of adult psychiatric disorders a negative functional outcomes
Impact normal brain development in childhood

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22
Q

What are the consequences of traumatic experience?

A

Individual who experienced trauma at risk of developing
Anxiety disorder
Depression
Post traumatic stress disorder
Serious mental illness

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23
Q

What are the impacts of having stress as an early age?

A

Neural connections and brain development can negatively be affected

Stress in pregnancy has been shown to impact early childhood development

Increased risk of cardiovascular disorders and metabolic disorder in later life
taught to be related to activation of the HPA axis and release of cortisol
Fetal exposure to, pro inflammatory cytokines is linked to Neuro compromised of cognitive function

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24
Q

How do stress impact the aged

A

Excitability changes in limbo system and hypothalamus

Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol

Decreased testosterone, thyroxine and other hormone

Alterations of opioid peptides

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25
Q

In the aged, stress causes catecholamines, ADH, ACTH and Cortisol what?

A

A. Increase

B decrease

Answer: A increase

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26
Q

Stress in the aged cause —— in testosterone, thyroxine and other hormone

A

A: increase

B: decrease

Answer: decrease

27
Q

True or false-
Excitability changes in the limbic system and hypothalamus with stress

A

True

28
Q

True or false

Stress cause alteration of opioid peptide and lipoproteins

A

True

29
Q

True or false

Stress can cause immunosuppression and chronic inflammation

A

True

30
Q

True or false
Stress can cause Hypercoagulation of blood and free radicals damage of cells

A

True

31
Q

What are impact of stress in early age?

A

It can affect neuronal connections and brain development negatively

Stress in pregnancy affect early child development

Increase risk of Cardiovascular and metabolic disorder later in life

Fetal exposure to pro inflammatory cytokines is linked to neuro compromise of cognitive function

32
Q

What’s the impact of stress during pregnancy

A

Impact early child development

33
Q

Individuals who experience trauma are at risk for developing

A

Anxiety disorders

Depression

PTSD

And serious mental illness

34
Q

Stress response affect which areas of the body?

A

Autonomic Nervous system and HPA axis

35
Q

Stress impact on the autonomic nervous systems result in what

A

SN system will produce Noradrenaline

SAM will produce adrenaline with small noradrenaline

36
Q

Stress impact on HPA axis will result in what?

A

Hypothalamus secreate corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) which act on pituitary to release adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) which act on adrenal cortex to release cortisol and catacholamines

37
Q

Effect of stress on sympathetic nervous system result in production of what

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

38
Q

Norepinephrine released due to stress result in what

A

Increase BP

Increase pupil dilation

Incread sweat gland action(armpit and palms)

Increased arterials smooth muscles contraction

Pilerection(goosebumps)

Vasoconstriction, vascular growth factor, angiogenic factor

39
Q

Epinephrine released due to stress cause

A

Bronchodialatiion

Increased force and rate of cardiac contraction- increase cardiac output

Increased lipolysis - increased circulating free fatty acids

40
Q

Epinephrine released due to stress acts on pancreas resulting in

A

Decreased insulin- decrease glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose - increased blood glucose

Increase glucagon- increased gluconeogenesis - increase blood glucose

41
Q

Epinephrine release due to stress act on liver will result in what?

A

Decrease glycogen synthesis

Increased glyconolysis and increased gluconeogenesis resulting in increased blood glucose

42
Q

Stress impact CNS which impact hypothalamus in turn cause CRH which act on what areas

A

Posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

43
Q

Effect of stress on posterior pituitary result in what

A

Increase ADH and vasopressin

Which increase water retention

44
Q

Cortisol released due to stress impact on adrenal cortex cause what

A

Increased BP and cardiac output

Increased lipolysis extremities

Increased blood levels of amino acids

Increased lypogenesis face and trunk

Decrease luteinizing hormones, estradiol and testosterone

Atrophy of lymphoid tissues - anti-inflammation or pro inflammation and immunosuppression or enhanced humoral immunity

45
Q

Cortisol secreted due to stress cause

A

Gluconeogenesis
Elevated blood glucose
Affects protein metabolism
It’s powerful anti- inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent

46
Q

Cortisol due to stress cause T cell apoptosis

true or false

A

True

47
Q

Elevated cortisol is linked with what?

A

Obesity
Sleep deprivation
Lipid abnormalities
HTN
Diabetes
Atherosclerosis
Loss of bone density

48
Q

Elevated cortisol affect which immunity?

A

Decrease innate immunity and increase autoimmune responses

49
Q

Catecholamines released due to stress

A

Release from adrenal medulla- epinephrine released

Alpha adrenergic receptor 1 &2

Beta adrenergic receptor 1&2

Mimic direct stimulation of Sympathetic stimulation

Increase pro inflammatory cytokines production

50
Q

PTSD session

A
51
Q

What is PTSD

A

Pathological stress response to a memory

Considered a mental illness

Cause by intrusive symptoms such as reexperiencing traumatic event

People have flashbacks, nightmares and intrusive thoughts

Physical brain changes

52
Q

What occupation is PTSD common

A

First responders, doctors, nurses and military

53
Q

PTSD in children 6 and under

A

Avoidance and negative symptoms may be internalized
Only one symptom required
Extreme temper tantrum is included under arousal symptoms
May manifest with social withdrawal and constricted play

54
Q

What are the xtics of PTSD in all age groups

A

Sleep disturbances

Depression

Other maladaptive symptoms

55
Q

What are the impact of PTSD

A

Decreased QoL

Impact relationship

Can Impact normal activity e.g employment

10% occurrence in Canadian veterans

56
Q

What will be screening question

A

In your life have you ever had any experience that was so frightening, horrible or upsetting that in the past month you have had nightmares about it or thought about it when you did not want to?

57
Q

Treatment

A

Counselling
- Relaxation
- CBT
- Exposure therapy
- support groups

58
Q

What is the hallmark of PTSD

A

Reduced hypocampal volume

59
Q

What’s the role of hypocapus in stress response

A

Control stress responses, declarative memory and contextual aspects of fear conditioning

60
Q

What’s the role of amygdala in stress

A

It’s involved with n emotional processing and critical for acquisition of fear responses

Amygdala mediate stress response and emotional learning role in pathophysiology of PTSD

Imaging show hyper responsiveness in PTSD during presentation of stressful stript/stories

No clear evidence of structural changes in amygdala due to PTSD

61
Q

What’s the effect of PTSD on cortex?

A

Decreased volume of frontal cortex

62
Q

What’s treatment of PTSD

A

Behavioural therapies and medication shown to increase hypocampus volume

Anti anxiety

Anti depressants

63
Q

ADHD

A

Nur 1142 Patho (15 decks)

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