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nur 1142 patho > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in adults

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones in infant

A

300

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of skeleton

A

Shape and support
Movement
Protect vital organs
Hematopoietsis
Mineral hemeostais and storage (ca & ph)

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4
Q

Is bone a living organism

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is the structural elements of bone tissue?

A

Bone cells
Fibres (collagen)
Gelatinous material
Minerals (calcium)

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6
Q

What’s the function of bone cells

A

To grow, repair, synthesize new tissue and reabsorb old bone tissue

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7
Q

Fiber (collagen) function

A

To give bone it tensile strength

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8
Q

Gelatinous material of bone cell’s function

A

Medium between bone and blood

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9
Q

Bone Minerals (calcium) function

A

Provide rigidity

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

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11
Q

Osteoblast

A

Immature cells that form new bone
Derived from mesenchymal cells
Form osteoids which mineralized to form new bone
Produce hormones (prostaglandins) ALP and other matrix protein
Bone shaped according to its function

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12
Q

What is osteoid

A

Protein mixture which mineralized to form new bone

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13
Q

What’s function is osteoclast

A

Function in bone reabsorption and remodeling

Xitcs
Large multinucleatedcwll ( ruffled borders)
Loosen from surface, become inactive and rest

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14
Q

Osteocytes function

A

Transform osteoblast to mature bone cells
Most abundant bone cells
Cell has dendrites, extend into canaliculi and secrete substances
Help to maintain bone by signaling osteoblast and osteoclasts to form and reabsorb bone

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15
Q

What’s the composition of bone matrix

A

Composition: 35% organic 65% inorganic 5% water

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16
Q

Organic component of bone

A

Collagen fiber ( provide bone strength)
Synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts

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17
Q

Inorganic component of bone is what?

A

Calcium
Phosphate minerals
Proteins
Carbohydrates- protein complexes
Proteoglycans

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18
Q

What’s the function of proteoglycans

A

Strengthen bone, form network fibrils
Help calcium deposit and calcify in bone

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19
Q

What’s the process of bone remodelling

A
  1. Activated osteoclasts scoop out bone and reabsorb it
  2. Osteoblasts lay down a new section of bones
  3. Osteocytes are spread throughout bone matrix
    Transmit signal, recruit or inhibit osteoblast and osteoclast this influencing bone remodelling
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20
Q

What are the 3 phases of bone remodelling

A

Phase 1. Activation: a stimuli (ie physical stressor increased PTH secretion) activate osteoclast cell death (apoptosis)

Phase 2. Rrabsorption: osteoclast gradually digest bone minerals and leave behind a reabsorption cavity

Phase 3 formation : the layer down of new bone by osteoblasts line the walls of the reabsorption cavity

Successive layers (lamellae) in compact bone are then laid down until reabsorption cavity is reduced to a narrow Haversian canal

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21
Q

Process of bone remodelling takes how many months?

A

Reabsorption and new bone laid down to replace it takes 3-4 months

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22
Q

What regulates bone remodelling, bone integrity and bone mass

A

RANKL, RANK, OPG signalling pathway

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23
Q

What is the role of RANKL

A

It binds to RANK to activate osteoclasts and process of bone reabsorption

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24
Q

What is RANKL

A

It’s a transmembrane protein that is produced by osteoblasts,
It binds to its signaling receptor RANK on osteoclasts surface which activates osteoclasts and the process of bone resorption

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25
Q

What is Osteoprotgerin (OPG)

A

It’s a cytokine produced by osteoblast and act as a decoy receptor - inhibiting the binding of RANKL/RANK
Which protects the skeleton from increased bone resorption

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26
Q

What caused degenerative bone diseased?

A

Imbalance in the RANKL, RANK, OPG signalling pathway

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27
Q

What is the cause of osteoporosis and RA?

A

Imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation

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28
Q

In osteoporosis what do you find?

A

Bone formation is less than bone resorption
Bone formation < bone resorption

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29
Q

Which of the following best describe the xtics and function of osteoblasts
A. Synthesize the bone matrix and maintain skeleton

B. Found on bone surface and release enzymes which dissolve bone and connective tissues

C. Single nucleus cell derived from mature osteoclast and influence osteocyte activity

D. Found in the bone matrix and regulate bone mass and mineral homeostasis

A

Correct answer B

A. is describing osteoclasts
C incorrec
D describes osteocytes

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30
Q

The outer shell of all bones and shafts of long bones (femur) comprises of what % of skeleton

A

80%

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31
Q

What are the major structural elements of bone?

A

Bone cell- the grow, repair, synthesize, new tissue, and resorb old bones

Fiber (collagen) give bone it’s tensile strength

Gelatinous materials- medium between bone and blood vessels

Minerals - (calcium) provide regidity

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32
Q

What are the different types of bones

A

Compact bone

Spongy bone

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33
Q

Outer shell off all bones and shaft of long bones (femur) comprises of what percentage of skeleton

A

85%

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34
Q

What is the basic structural unit of compact bones

A

Osteon or Haversian system

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35
Q

Haversian canal is surrounded by what?

A

Rings of matrix (Lamellae)

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36
Q

Lacunae is located where

A

Between the matrix ring osteocytes

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37
Q

What is canaliculi?

A

Canaliculi are small channels that radiate from the lacunae to Haversian canal. It provide a passage through the hard matrix

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38
Q

What’s role of Haversian canal

A

Carries blood, lymphatic vessel and nerve branches

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39
Q

What are xtics of spongy bones

A

Less dense and softer than cortical bones

Comprises of 15% of skeleton

Makes up the interior of bone

No Heversian systems- consist of a network of trabeculae

Spaces between trabeculae filled with red bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)

40
Q

Examples of spongy bones are?

A

Tubercular and cancellous bones

41
Q

True or false- spongy bones have Haversian system?

A

False. No Haversian system
They have network of trabeculae

42
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Covers all bones - except articulate cartilage in joints, small bones in hands and feet

43
Q

Periosteum is made up of what?

A

Thin double layer of connective tissues

Made up of outer layer (fibrous) and inner layer (cellular)

44
Q

What’s the function of periosteum

A

Supply blood and nutrients to bones

45
Q

What are the different layers of periosteum and function?

A

Outer layer- fibrous)
- blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
- blood vessels enter through channels (volkmann channels)

Inner layer (cellular)
- lies directly on bone
- contain osteoblasts that dilution in both growth and repair

46
Q

What is the classification of bones?

A

Classified based on shape as

Long bones

Short (cuboidal)

Flat

Irregular

47
Q

What’s xtics of long bones

A

Long bones- length is great than diameter, thin, have a long shaft, primarily consist of compact bones

E.g Fermur Tibia

48
Q

What’s the xtics of short (cuboidal) bones

A

Small, cube shaped, their length is similar to width; primarily consist of spongy bone
E.g wrist, ankle

49
Q

Flat bones xtics

A

Thin, flattened, slightly curved
E.g cranium, scapula, ribs

50
Q

Irregular bone xtics

A

Complex shapes and cannot be classified as above, primarily consist of spongy bones
E.g spinal vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

51
Q

What are joints

A

Joint is where two or more bones come together
Function to provide stability and mobility
Classified based on structure and degree of movement

52
Q

What is the classification of joints

A

Structural classification
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial

Degree of movement
- immovable (synathro Long bones- length is great than diameter, thin, have a long shaft, primarily consist of compact bones sis)
-slight or semi- movable (amphiarthrosis)
- freely movable (diarthrosis)

53
Q

Classification of joint based on structure is what?

A

Structural classification
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial

54
Q

Classification of bone based on movement

A

Degree of movement
- immovable (synathro Long bones- length is great than diameter, thin, have a long shaft, primarily consist of compact bones sis)
-slight or semi- movable (amphiarthrosis)
- freely movable (diarthrosis)

55
Q

Classification

A

Scull - firbrous, immovable (synarthrosis)

Vertebrae- cartilaginous- semi movable(amphiarthrosis)

Hip joint- synovial - freely moveable (Diarthosis)

56
Q

Which is the most movable joints

A

Synovial joints

57
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Plane
Hinge joint(elbow)
Pivot (top of neck)
Conduloid (wrist)
Saddle
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)

58
Q

What is joint capsule?

A

Connective tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet in the joint

Parallel interlacing bundles of white fibrous tissue

Supplied with nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels

59
Q

What’s synovial memebrane

A

Synovial membrane is the inner lining of joint capsule and has 2 layers
Vascular layer- subintima
Cellular layer - intima

Synovial membrane has rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels

60
Q

What are the 2 layers of synovial memebrane

A
  1. Vascular(subtintima) - Fibrous connective tissue, elastin fibres, flat cells, fibroblast, macrophages and mast cells
  2. Cellular layer- (intima) rows of synovial cells
    - Type A: ingest and remove bacteria/debris via phagocytosis
    - Type B: secrete hyaluronate ( gives synovial fluid it’s viscous quality$
61
Q

What is joint cavity?

A

Joint cavity (joint space)
Fluid filled space between articulating surfaces of 2 bones
Surrounded by synovial memebrane
Enable bones to move against one another
Filled with synovial fluid (clear viscous) super filtrate plasma from blood vessels in synovial membrane

62
Q

What’s function of synovial fluid

A

Lubricates joint surfaces
Contain free floating synovial cells and leukocytes

63
Q

Articulate cartilage function

A

Reduces friction in joints and distributes force of weight bearing

It’s made up of hyaline cartilage covered end of bone (2-5mm thick$

64
Q

What’s the composition of articular cartilage

A

Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
Intercellular matrix (collagen, protein polysaccharides water

65
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Surface - collagen fibres runs parallel to joint surface (compacted into a dense protective mat)

Middle layer - fivers are tangential to surface to absorb force of weight bearing

Bottom layer - Fibers are perpendicular to surface to resist shear force

66
Q

Is articular cartilage sensitive to pain

A

No
It has no blood or lymph vessels or nerves
(Insensitive to pain; regenerate slowly)

67
Q

What is a ligament

A

Ligaments- fibrous tissue which connects bone to bone, provide stability to joints

68
Q

What is tendons

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue which connect muscles to bone, withstand tension

69
Q

What is cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue
Made up of chondrin (elastic firm matrix)
Types of cartilage - Elastic (outer) hyaline (wall of trachea) and fibrous

70
Q

What are the types of cartilage

A

Types of cartilage - Elastic (outer) hyaline (wall of trachea) and fibrous

71
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the features of cuboidal or short bones

A

A- sesamoid shape with thick outside layer of compact bone
B- thin small shaft with rounded ends and primarily consist of compact bones
C- the length is similar to the audits and mostly consist of spongy bone
D. Vary in shape, often flattened and consist mostly of compact bones

Answer C

72
Q

What’s the range in length of muscles

A

2-60cm

73
Q

Muscle make up with percent of adult weight

A

40%

74
Q

What’s the composition of muscle

A

75% water,

20% protein

5% organic/inorganic compounds

75
Q

Muscles are shaped according to their function, what are the shapes

A

Fusiform: spindle shaped with tapered end( ie biceps)

Pennate: Broad, flat, fan shaped (ie hand muscles)

76
Q

What are the types of muscles

A

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscles

Cardiac muscles

77
Q

What’s the xtics if skeletal muscles

A

Striated

Multi- nucleus
Not branched

Voluntary control ( controlled by CNS)

Skeletal muscles

78
Q

What’s xtics I’d smooth muscles

A

Non- striated (organized sarcomeres)
Spindle shaped

Single central nucleus
Not branched

Involuntary control
(Autonomic nervous system ANS)

Blood vessels, glands, internal organs

79
Q

What’s the xtics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Single nucleus
Branched with intercalated discs and gap junctions (cellular depolarization)

Involuntary control (autonomic nervous system ANS)

Myocardium only

80
Q

What is fascia?

A

Casing of thick connective tissue that surrounds and separates each muscle, holding it in place (over the epimysium)

81
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissues

A

Epimysium

Perimysium (middle layer)

Endomysium

82
Q

Epimysium

A

Wraps surface of muscles (below fascia) and extends inwards; tapers at each end to form tendon

83
Q

Perimysium

A

Continuation of epimysium into muscle, groups muscles fibres into bundles of fascicles

84
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds and wraps each fascicle

85
Q

Xtics of muscle fibres

A

Muscles are made up of myocytes and these cells contain chains of myofibrils (muscle fibre)

Myofibrils consist of actin(thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

86
Q

Myofibrils is made up of what?

A

Myofibrils consist of actin(thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

87
Q

What is the name of the contractile unit of myofibril

A

Sarcomere (basic unit of muscle)

88
Q

What’s the composition of sarcomere

A

Proteins actin, myosin, titin and nebulin

89
Q

What are the 4 step process of muscle contraction

A

Excitation

Coupling

Contraction

Relaxation

90
Q

What happens in excitation stage

A

The spread is an action potential from nerve terminal to neuromuscular junction

Rapid depolarization of membrane initiates a muscle fibre action potentially

Action potential spreads along sarcolemmal membrane to T tubules

Triggers receptors in a wall of T tumble to open channels releasing calcium for SR( sarcoplasmic reticulum)

91
Q

Coupling stage

A

Migration of calcium to myofilaments
Calcium affects the muscle proteins troponin and tropomyosin

Troponin: is a globular protein located on thin filament, Troponin in presence of calcium promotes actin-myosin activation

Tropomyosin is a thing filament protein, blocks binding sites on actin, prevents cross bridge formation and muscle contraction

92
Q

Muscle contraction
contraction (cross bridge theory)

A

Calcium combines with troponin

Actin ( thin filament) slides onto myosin (thick filament)

Myosin heads attach to actin muscles, forms a cross-bridge (actin myosin complex)

ATP (cellular energy) release from actin-myosin complex when cross bridges attach

Sarcomere shortens and cause tension

93
Q

Muscle contraction process
Step 4. Relaxation

A

ATP pumps move calcium out of sarcoplasm back into SR

Breaks link between actin and myosin(thick)

Cross bridge detach

Muscle loses its tension, Sarcomere lengthens and relax

94
Q

All the following are correct regarding the role of tropomyosin in muscles contraction except

A

a. It is a rope like structure that prevent cross bridge formation
b. A globular protein found on myosin (thick filament) and combines with calcium
c. Blocked myosin binging site on actin and prevents muscle contraction
d. A major component of the thin filament in skeletal muscle

Answer B

95
Q

Structural classification of bones

A

Fibrous - e.g skull

Cartilagenous - e.g spine bone

Synovial - e.g hip bone

96
Q

Joint classification based on movement

A

Immovable (synathrosis) e.g skull

Slightly or semi movable (amphiarthrosis)- e.g spine joints
Freely moves me (Diarthrosis) .eg hip joint

nur 1142 patho (15 decks)

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