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4- SA- Collapse, Weakness, Exercise Intolerance > Erythroid system > Flashcards

Erythroid system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of blood

A

transport
ion buffer
coagulation
thermoregulation

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2
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells
indicative of regeneration

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3
Q

why do we need a special stain to identify reticulocytes

A

otherwise they could just be polychromatophils- look bigger and darker

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4
Q

what are the two version of cats reticulocytes

A

aggregate
punctate

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5
Q

when does peak production of reticulocytes occur in cattle

A

7-14 days post acute blood loss

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6
Q

List 3 differences between dog and cat erythrocytes

A

dogs have larger erythrocytes
dogs have central pallor
cats have anisocytosis (variation in size)

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7
Q

In which species is rouleaux a normal finding

A

horses

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8
Q

in what species is crenation a normal finding

A

ruminants

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9
Q

in what species is anisocytosis a normal finding

A

ruminants and cats

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10
Q

Define normocytosis

A

normal MCV

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11
Q

define MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume
average volume of erythrocyte

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12
Q

define macrocytosis

A

high MCV
typically seen in regenerative anaemia

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13
Q

define microcytosis

A

low MCV

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14
Q

what does hypochromic microcytosis indicate

A

iron deficiency or portosystemic shunts

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15
Q

in what dog breed is macrocytosis normal

A

poodles

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16
Q

in what dog breed is microcytosis normal

A

akitas

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17
Q

what does a hypochromic macrocytosis indicate

A

regenerative anaemia

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18
Q

what does a normochromic macrocytosis indicate

A

non-regenerative anaemia - feline leukaemia and myeloproliferative disorders

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19
Q

what is MCHC

A

mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

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20
Q

define normochromic

A

normal haemoglobin content

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21
Q

define hypochromic

A

low concentration of haemoglobin

22
Q

what does a raised MCHC indicate

A

haemolysis or lipaemia

23
Q

what is polychromasia

A

term for a pale-blue RBC in routine stains, due to RNA content

24
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

alteration in cell shape

25
Q

what can cause poikilocytosis

A

abnormal erythropoesis or specific organ dysfunction

26
Q

What are codocytes

A

cells that look like targets
central haemoglobin surrounded by an area of pallor and then a band of haemoglobin

27
Q

when do we generally see codocytes

A

in iron deificiency aneamia, liver disease with cholestasis and after splenectomies in dogs

28
Q

are codocytes an important finding

A

No

29
Q

what are acanthocytes

A

also known as spur cells
Rounded projections of variable diameter & length, unevenly distributed

30
Q

when are acanthocytes generally seen

A

diffuse liver disease
haemangiosarcomas
portosystemic shunts

31
Q

what are spherocytes

A

Abnormally round red blood cell containing more than normal amounts of hemoglobin
lack central pallor

32
Q

when do spherocytes tend to form

A

IMHA
blood transfusions

33
Q

why are spherocytes hard to recognise in cats

A

as they look similar to there normal RBCs

34
Q

what are schistocytes

A

irregular fragmented erythrocytes
occur through mechanical trauma to circulating erythrocytes

35
Q

when can schistocytes form

A

IMHA
thrombosis
haemangiosarcomas
glomerulonephritis
CHF
heart disease
myelofibrosis
doxorubicin toxicity

36
Q

what are echinocytes

A

crenated burr cells
RBCs with spiked projections of more uniform length

37
Q

why can echinocytes form

A

can be due to dehydration but usually an aretfact

38
Q

what does rouleaux indicate in small animals

A

inflammation

39
Q

what is agglutination

A

clumping of red blood cells

40
Q

what does agglutination indicate

A

IMHA or mismatched blood transfusion

41
Q

what are heinz bodies

A

irregular shaped, refracticle, intracellular inclusions indicating oxidative damage

42
Q

List 3 abnormal RBC structures that indicate regeneration

A

basophilic stippling
nucleated erythrocytes
Howell-Jolly bodies

43
Q

what can basophilic stippling be indicative of

A

regenerative anaemia
lead poisoning
immature erythrocytes in ruminants

44
Q

what can nucleated erythrocytes be indicative of

A

regenerative anaemia
non-functioning spleen
marrow damage
myeloproliferative disease

45
Q

what can cause Howell-Jolly bodies

A

regenerative anaemia
splenectomy
suppressed splenic function

46
Q

how can we diagnose mycoplasma haemofelis

A

PCR

47
Q

how can we test if we trust our haemotology results

A

rule of three - Hct% = Hgb (g/dL)x 3 +/- 3%

48
Q

what is polycythaemia

A

increase in
PCV
Hgb concentration
RBC count

49
Q

what is relative polycythaemia

A

When plasma volume is reduced eg in dehydration

50
Q

what is absolute polycythaemia

A

Increase in absolute RBC mass
primary - normal EPO level
secondary - increased EPO

4- SA- Collapse, Weakness, Exercise Intolerance (10 decks)

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