Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4- sa- collapse, weakness, exercise intolerance > Leukogram > Flashcards

Leukogram Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

define leucocytosis

A

increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define leucopenia

A

low white blood cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define myeloid

A

derived from bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the only blood cell group that is not part of the myeloid system

A

lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does a left shift mean

A

increased number of immature neutrophils in circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two pools of neutrophils

A

circulating
marginal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which pool of neutrophils do we sample in blood samples

A

circulating pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

can neutrophils move back and forth between blood and tissues

A

no - once they leave the blood to enter tissues they will then die after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the half life of a neutrophil in circulation

A

less than 12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what 3 steps need to occur for neutrophils to leave the blood vessels

A

marginalisation
adhesion
migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list 4 factors that can trigger a neutrophil shift from marginal to circulating pool

A

epinephrine
glucocorticoids
infection
stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 5 things that can cause neutrophilia

A

inflammation
steroids
physiological
chronic neutrophil leukaemia
paraneoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 2 mechanisms by which steroids cause neutrophilia

A

demarginalisation of neutrophils
decreased extravasation into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mechanism by which dear/excitement causes a neutrophilia

A

demarginalisation of neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a neutrophil right shift

A

more mature neutrophils than we would expect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is neutrophil toxic change

A

rapid neutropoiesis (shortening time of maturation of neutrophil in the bone)- usually due to a severe infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can we diagnose a left shift

A

more band neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how can we diagnose toxic change

A

foamy cytoplasm
diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what can cause neutrophil inclusions

A

bacteria
viruses
protozoa
fungi

20
Q

what species have heterophils

A

rabbits
guinea pigs
hamsters
reptiles
avian species

21
Q

if you have a neutrophilia with no left shift, what does this indicate

A

Lymphopenia= steroid response
Lymphs normal= excitement response

22
Q

if you have a neutrophilia with a left shift, what does this indicate

A

inflammation

23
Q

what can cause neutropenias

A

inflammation
decreased pproduction

24
Q

what can cause decreased neutrophil production

A

infections
toxicity
neoplasia
marrow necrosis
myelofibrosis

25
Q

what does neutropaenia with a left shift indicate

A

acute inflammation

26
Q

what does neutropaenia with no left shift indicate

A

acute viral infection or acute marrow injury

27
Q

why are neutrophils the first thing we see decrease in marrow injuries

A

as they have the shortest half life

28
Q

which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the highest marrow reserves of neutrophils

A

dogs

29
Q

which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the lowest marrow reserves of neutrophils

A

cows

30
Q

why do we more commonly measure APPs in horses and cows

A

as neutrophils can be affected easier by inflammation in these species

31
Q

once lymphocytes leave the circulation, are they recycled

A

yes - they go through the lymph system, back into the blood stream

32
Q

what are reactive lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that increase in size due to antigen stimulation

33
Q

what are granular lymphocytes

A

lymphocyte with reddish, azurophilic granules

34
Q

what stimulates lymphocytes to become reactive

A

T or B cells

35
Q

what can cause lymphocytosis

A

Catecholamine mediated splenic contractions
chronic inflammation
young animals or recent vaccination
lymphoproliferative disorder
hypoadrenocorticism

36
Q

list possible causes of lymphopenia

A

stress/ steroids
acute inflammation
loss of lymph
cytotoxic drugs
radiation
immunodeficiency syndrome
lymphoma

37
Q

describe a stress leukogram

A

glucocorticoid induced
eosinopenia
lymphopenia
mature neutrophilia
monocytosis

38
Q

what happens when monocytes go into tissues

A

they differentiate into macrophages

39
Q

what cells are responsible for phagocytosis

A

monocytes/ macrophages

40
Q

what can cause a monocytosis

A

inflammation
steroid/ stress
monocytic/ myelomonocytic leukaemia

41
Q

are we worried about monocytopaenia

A

No

42
Q

what can cause an eosinophilia

A

hypersensitivty
parasitism
hypoadrenocorticism
paraneoplastic
idiopathic eosinophilic syndrome
eosinophilic leukaemia

43
Q

what can cause an eosinopenia

A

glucocorticoids
stress
inflammation - although eosinopenia is not commonly recognised

44
Q

why are basophils not commonly seen

A

they move quickly into tissues

45
Q

when do we see nucleated RBCs

A

strongly regenerative anaemias - haemolytic anaemias

46
Q

why should we always do a blood smear

A

beacause the machine may be wrong

47
Q

What is pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets)
suggests chronic marrow injury

4- sa- collapse, weakness, exercise intolerance (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions