week 4- biomechanics and spinal biomechanics

Question 1

name the 5 components of biomechanics

Answer 1

motion-movement of body or an object through space
force- push/pull causing object to speed/slow/stop/change direction
momentum -product of a weight and its velocity when moved
levers- arms and legs act as levers
balance- alignment of body centre of gravity over the base of support

Question 2

in flexion, are facet joints of the spine close together or far apart

Answer 2

far apart

Question 3

when the spine bends backwards, what happens to the invertebratal disc

Answer 3

it moves anteriorly as facet joints move closer together.

Question 4

in lateral rotation (right) what happens to the spine.

Answer 4

right facet joint moves inferiorly, posteriorly and laterally, joining the facet joint inferior
left facet joint extends superiorly and medially. ‘interior superior glide’

Question 5

if a person laterally rotates right, which direction is the spinous process

Answer 5

spinous process moves left

Question 6

does the atlas have a spinous process

Answer 6

no

Question 7

in cervical flexion, describe what occurs

Answer 7

-anterior surface gets smaller
-posterior surface gets larger.
-spinous processes seperate from one another
-tension is put on posterior ligaments
-anterior longtiduidal ligament has some laxity in it

Question 8

what occurs to the facet joints in cervical flexion

Answer 8

upsloping.
superior vertebra glides superiorly and anteriorly.

‘veratbra above glides superior and anteriorly relative to the vertebra below’

Question 9

What is the fulcrum

Answer 9

The joint, or contact point with surface

Question 10

What is the load/resistance

Answer 10

Mass of object the lever is moving

Question 11

What is the effort

Answer 11

Force being applied to lever system

Question 12

What is the lever arm

Answer 12

The bone/ muscles which apply the effort

Question 13

State the types of levers

Answer 13

1st order lever
2nd order lever
3rd order lever

Question 14

Describe 1st order lever

Answer 14

Fulcrum is halfway between load and effort
E.g. flecion of head/neck. Load is head. Effort is muscles of the neck. Spine is fulcrum

Question 15

Describe second order lever

Answer 15

Load is halfway between fulcrum and effort
E.g. calf raise. Fulcrum is contact point with ground, load is body weight, effort is Achilles tendon from calf to heel

Question 16

Describe 3rd order lever

Answer 16

Effort is halfway between fulcrum or load
E.g. fulcrum is joint, load is dumber,, effort is central between. Bicep curl. Effort is muscle

Question 17

Describe how the spine is a 1st class lever and Chiros role

Answer 17

Spine is fulcrum of upright vertebral body and 2 facet joints
Load is weight of our body and weight if anything we carry
Effort is required contraction of spinal muscles on the opposite side of the fulcrum to keep the spine balanced
If first class lever is altered, increased effective mechanical load born by the fulcrum

Question 18

Give an example of eversion

Answer 18

Turning foot outwards , allowed because of ankle

Question 19

An example of inversion

Answer 19

Pointing ankles together at an angle, angled from medial inferior of foot

Question 20

Give an example of elevation and depression

Answer 20

Lifting the shoulders and putting them back

Question 21

Lost spinal specific ROMS

Answer 21

neutral
Flexion
Extension
Exhale extension
Axial rotation
Lateral flexion

Question 22

Why must the spine be rigid and flexible

Answer 22

Protect the spinal chord
Transfer weight
To allow bending movements of upper body to pelvis
To absorb shock
To allow the head to pivot

Question 23

Why is the vertebral column curved

Answer 23

To have more resistance to forces, balance can occur