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cases for neurophysiology > MS > Flashcards

MS Flashcards

1
Q

what is MS

A

MS is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by the destruction of myelin and nerve fibers by the immune system. This interferes with neural transmissions of signal between the brain and spinal cord, and the rest of the body.

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2
Q

true or false: MS is an autoimmune disorder

A

true

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3
Q

does MS affected CNS or PNS

A

CNS

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4
Q

what is MS categorized by

A

destruction of myelin and nerve fibers by the immune system

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5
Q

what other condition can destroy myelin

A

guillane barre
diabetes

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6
Q

true or false, demyelination only happens in white matter

A

false also grey matter

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7
Q

the demyelination causes lesions that cause what type of deficits

A

cognitive, sensory, and motor deficits, as well as contribute to rapid brain atrophy

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8
Q

does MS lead to rapid brain atrohpy

A

yes

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9
Q

what specific nerve can be affected by MS

A

optic nerve, so vision can be compromised

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10
Q

true or false: vision is not compromised with MS

A

false, it is because optic n can be affected

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11
Q

what is the main type of MS

A

relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS

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12
Q

true or false, secondary progressive is main type of MS

A

false, relapsing remitting is

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13
Q

explain relapsing remitting

A

attacks (replases) followed by recovery (remissions).

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14
Q

attacks (replases) followed by recovery (remissions). describes what MS

A

relapsing remitting MS (RRMS)

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15
Q

patients who have RRMS will transition to what

A

secondary progressive MS

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16
Q

true or false in secondary progressive there are fewer relapses

A

true

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17
Q

10% of patients with MS will be diagnosed with what type

A

primary progressive MS (PPMS)

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18
Q

what is primary progressive MS

A

worsening symptoms without clear relapses or remissions.

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19
Q

worsening symptoms without clear relapses or remissions. is what MS

A

primary progressive MS

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20
Q

fewer relapses is associated with what MS

A

secondary progressive

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21
Q

true or false: the cause of MS are know

A

false they are unknown

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22
Q

what it the believed cause of MS

A

believed to be triggered by a combination of factors, including immunology, epidemiology, genetics, and other diseases.

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23
Q

what are some “risk factors” of MS

A

vitamin d deficiency
living far from equator
infections (epstein barr)
genetic risk
childhood obesity
smoking
autoimmune disease

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24
Q

what type of deficiency has been linked to increase risk of MS

A

vit d

25
Q

explain vit d deficiency and MS

A

Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to have a causal relationship with increased risks of MS. This is linked to living further from the equator (environmental factor) due to insufficient UVB exposure.

26
Q

is there an environmental factor associated with MS risk

A

yes, living further from the equator (environmental factor) due to insufficient UVB exposure.

27
Q

what is an example of a virus that is linked to MS

A

causality from the Epstein-Barr virus

28
Q

explain genetic risk of MS

A

genetic risk is present. The likelihood of developing MS increases the closer a diagnosed relative is to you

29
Q

how many people does MS affect

A

2.8 mil

30
Q

what gender is more likely to have MS (and by what factor)

A

females are three times more likely to have MS

31
Q

what is an explanation for why women are more at risk of MS

A

This could be due to sex hormones and adipose tissue, which causes inflammation, which is thought to play a role in MS

32
Q

what is general age of disagnosis

A

diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 50

33
Q

true or false, patients with MS are diagnosed between the ages of 10 and 30

A

false, 20 and 50

34
Q

what ethnicity is MS more prevalent in

A

caucasians

35
Q

what ethnicity is likely to have worse prognosis for MS

A

African-Americans and Hispanics

36
Q

the The signs and symptoms associated with MS will vary depending on what

A

the amount of nerve damage and the nerves affected

37
Q

explain motor symptoms of MS

A

numbness and weakness of one or more limbs (usually on 1 side of the body)

38
Q

true or falsee, in MS there is usually weakness more on one side of the body

A

true

39
Q

explain coordination symptoms of MS

A

Lack of coordination of movements and unstable gait and decreased balance

40
Q

explain the visual symptoms of MS

A

Visual impairments are often associated with MS. These visual problems can include partial or complete loss of vision, prolonged double or blurry vision, and pain with eye movement

41
Q

true or false; bladder and bowel, but not sexual functions are associated with MS

A

false, also sexual

42
Q

are there are mental affects of MS

A

cognitive difficulties and mood changes

43
Q

is there a specific diagnostic test for MS

A

no

44
Q

since there are no no specific tests that allow diagnosis for MS how do you ruling out other conditions

A

based on the signs and symptoms is the main factor for a differential diagnosis.

45
Q

what are some additional associated conditions with MS

A

depression, muscle spasms, severe weakness or paralysis, typically in the legs. Epileptic seizures are also more common in people who have multiple sclerosis.

46
Q

what additional impairment is more common in people with MS

A

epileptic seizures

47
Q

explain affect of MS on ADLS and iADLS

A

ADLs and IADLs.
It can also be difficult to see and therefore drive, navigate or simply read because of difficulties with vision.

48
Q

explain the issue with physical tasks and MS

A

Physical tasks could also be laborious, so one might need to change jobs. However, going into a more sedentary job often necessitates dexterity, which could also be challenging

49
Q

true or false, people with MS have to stop physical acuity

A

false, they may need to stop

50
Q

why can you not plan for long term in MS

A

dont know what limitation will arise

51
Q

explain cognitive difficulty examples in MS

A

. Cognitive difficulties can cause limitations in day-to-day tasks like following a complex recipe or remembering to take medication or to pay the bills as well as more work tasks.

52
Q

WHAT are functional implications of MS (general bolded answers)

A

difficulty with ADLs and iADLS
difficulty seeing
physical tasks are difficult
cannot plan long term
cognitive difficulties
fatigue
sensory difficulties

53
Q

explain the affect of Fatigue and MS

A

Fatigue can cause difficulties with completing tasks that involve physical or mental endurance (work, taking care of children, reading, etc.)

54
Q

how can OTs help with stroke

A

home assessment, providing tools and strategies to help with meaningful occupations. Hand therapy will help with their ADLs. Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive strategies to improve memory, concentration, and problem-solving. Visual motor rehabilitation. Balance and coordination. Education on possible adapted equipment. Sensory re-education.

55
Q

how can PTs help with MS

A

stretching, ROM and strengthening programs to strengthen muscles, decrease spasticity, and improve gait, balance, and coordination.

56
Q

can meds help with MS

A

Medications can reduce the rate of relapse (worsening of symptoms) and slow MS progression. They can be taken orally or by infusion

57
Q

what are the types of meds used for MS

A

. These include beta-interferons which are commonly used to decrease inflammation and
steroids to reduce symptoms during a relapse.
If the relapse symptoms do not respond to steroids, plasmapheresis can be used.

58
Q

If the relapse symptoms do not respond to steroids what can u use instead

A

plasmapheresis can be used.

59
Q
A

cases for neurophysiology (14 decks)

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