microbial mats and multicellularity #7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a microbial mat & where are they typically found?

A

multilayered sheet of prokaryotes & shallow seabeds

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2
Q

what does proximate causality mean?

A

molecular mechanisms

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3
Q

what does ultimate causality mean?

A

selective advantages

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4
Q

define simple (basic) multicellularity found in prokaryotes

A

cell-cell adhesion, intercellular communication

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5
Q

what are the 3 classes of simple multicellularity in prokaryotes?

A

filaments, aggregates, MMPs

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6
Q

what are filaments?

A

formation of long chains of cells, some of which elongate but do not divide/ linear or branched/ single or multiple layers / many clonal in origin

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7
Q

what are aggregates?

A

cells are embedded in a slimy self-produced matrix/ biofilms& systems/cells w/ distinct morphologies / extracellular matrix

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8
Q

what are MMPs?

A

magnetotactic bacteria
connected by tight
intercellular junctions/ only obligate mc bacteria/ fission of “whole organism”

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9
Q

what are the 2 ways that organisms are constrained as greater complexity evolve?

A

physical constraints, selection (+ environment) constraints

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10
Q

what are the 4 selective advantages of multicellularity?

A
  1. resistance to environmental stresses
  2. improved nutrient utilization
  3. resistance to predators
  4. division of labor
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11
Q

what are the selective disadvantages of multicellularity?

A

energetic costs - synthesis of adhesion & communication molecules
physical limitations - less freedom of movement

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12
Q

what are the 6 groups of eukaryotes that complex multicellularity evolved?

A

brown algae (kelp), green algae, plants, red algae, fungi, animals

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13
Q

why do we believe the 6 groups of eukaryotes evolved more than once?

A

symbiotic theory, colonial theory, cellularization theory

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14
Q

symbiotic theory

A

cooperation of different species of unicellular organisms, each with different roles.

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15
Q

colonial theory

A

cooperation of the same unicellular species as in slime molds

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16
Q

cellularization theory (humans)

A

a single unicellular organism with multiple nuclei developed partitions around each nuclei

17
Q

what is emergence?

A

properties or behaviors that emerge only when parts interact as a whole

18
Q

what is fitness?

A

a measure of survival and reproduction of a trait or genotype

19
Q

what is phenotype?

A

an observable characteristic or trait

20
Q

what is anthropocentrism?

A

a human centered perspective

21
Q

what is fixation?

A

a trait, gene, or genotype is permanently established

22
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

the appearance of similar traits (homoplasy) not by common ancestry