Chapter 7: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment. -

Question 2

Biological Rhythms

Answer 2

Periodic physiological fluctuations. -

Question 3

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 3

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. -

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. -

Question 5

Alpha Waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. -

Question 6

Sleep

Answer 6

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness. -

Question 7

Hallucinations

Answer 7

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. -

Question 8

Delta Waves

Answer 8

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. -

Question 9

Insomnia

Answer 9

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. -

Question 10

Narcolepsy

Answer 10

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. -

Question 11

Sleep Apnea

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. -

Question 12

Night Terrors

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. -

Question 13

Dream

Answer 13

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. -

Question 14

Manifest Content

Answer 14

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. -

Question 15

Latent Content

Answer 15

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. -

Question 16

REM rebound

Answer 16

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). -

Question 17

Hypnosis

Answer 17

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. -

Question 18

Posthypnotic Suggestion

Answer 18

a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened. -

Question 19

Dream

Answer 19

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. -

Question 20

Dissociation

Answer 20

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. -

Question 21

Hidden Observer

Answer 21

Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis. -

Question 22

Psychoactive Drug

Answer 22

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. -

Question 23

Tolerance

Answer 23

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. -

Question 24

Withdrawal

Answer 24

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. -

Question 25

Physical Dependence

Answer 25

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. -

Question 26

Psychological Dependence

Answer 26

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. -

Question 27

Depressants

Answer 27

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. -

Question 28

Stimulants

Answer 28

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. -

Question 29

Hallucinogens

Answer 29

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. -

Question 30

Barbituates

Answer 30

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. -

Question 31

Opiates

Answer 31

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. -

Question 32

Amphetamines

Answer 32

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. -

Question 33

Ecstasy

Answer 33

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. -

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. -

Question 35

THC

Answer 35

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. -

Question 36

Near Death Experience

Answer 36

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death such as cardiac arrest often similar to drug induced hallucinations. -

Question 37

Dualism

Answer 37

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. -

Question 38

Monism

Answer 38

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. -

Question 39

Sleep Spindles

Answer 39

short bursts of brain waves (increased frequency) detected in stage 2 sleep -

Question 40

Addiction

Answer 40

compulsive drug craving and use. -