Chapter 10: Thinking and Language

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. -

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. -

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

a mental image or best example of a category. -

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics. -

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. -

Question 6

Insight

Answer 6

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 7

Confirmation Bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions, ignoring anything against it. -

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment (obstacle) to problem solving. -

Question 9

Mental Set

Answer 9

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. -

Question 10

Functional Fixedness

Answer 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. -

Question 11

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. -

Question 12

Availability Heuristic

Answer 12

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. -

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

the tendency to be more confident than correct–to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments. -

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

the way an issue is posed; how as issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. -

Question 15

Belief Bias

Answer 15

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid. -

Question 16

Belief Perseverance

Answer 16

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. -

Question 17

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 17

AI-

Question 18

Computer Neural Networks

Answer 18

A method of AI that teaches computers to think like the brain. -

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. -

Question 20

Phoneme

Answer 20

in a language the smallest distinctive sound unit. -

Question 21

Morpheme

Answer 21

in a language the smallest unit that carries meaning. -

Question 22

Grammar

Answer 22

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate and understand others. -

Question 23

Semantics

Answer 23

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language also the study of meaning. -

Question 24

Syntax

Answer 24

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. -

Question 25

Babbling Stage

Answer 25

(beginning at about 4 months) the stage of speech development where the child makes sounds that resemble their language, from about age 1 to 2 during. -

Question 26

One-word Stage

Answer 26

(occurs from about age 1-2) the stage in which children speak mainly in single words. -

Question 27

Two-word Stage

Answer 27

(beginning about age 2) the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements. -

Question 28

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 28

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. -

Question 29

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 29

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think. -