Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

Albumin/Pre-albumin

A
  • Albumin: 3.5 to 5.0
  • Albumin detects liver and kidney function
  • low albumin can be the result of malnutrition and can impair wound healing
  • high albumin can be the result of dehydration or severe diarrhea
  • Pre-albumin: 16 to 30
  • longer half life and is preferred to use to diagnosis chronic liver or kidney damage (high) or malnutrition (low)
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2
Q

Electrolytes

A
  • Sodium: 135 to 145
  • hyponatremia: confusion, thirst, weakness
  • hypernatremia: confusion, nausea, dizziness, and abdominal cramp
  • Potassium: 3.5 to 5.0
  • hypokalemia: irregular heart rate, muscle weakness, leg cramps, anorexia
    -hyperkalemia: vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness
  • Calcium: 9.0 to 10.5
    -Hypocalcemia: paresthesia of fingers and lips, positive Chvostek’s sign (tap on facial nerve and there is facial twitching), positive Trousseau’s sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation), hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, decreased HR and BP, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, cramping, seizure precautions necessary
    -Hypercalcemia: nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness or twitches, fatigue, bone pain
  • Chloride: 95 to 105
    -hypochloremia: lack of emotion, anorexia, muscle cramps
    -hyperchloremia: vomiting
  • Phosphorus: 2.5 to 4.5
    -hypophosphatemia: rare
    -hyperphosphatemia: numbness and tingling around mouth and extremeties, tetany
  • Magnesium: 1.5 to 2.0
    -Hypomagnesemia: positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, hypoactive bowel sounds, constipation, abdominal distention, paralytic ileus
    -Hypermagnesemia: weakness, nausea, dizziness, and confusion

Similar:
- Magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium usually rise and fall together
-sodium and phosphorus usually rise and fall together

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3
Q

Vital Signs

A
  • Temperature:
  • Oral: 36.5 to 37.5 C (97.6 to 99.6 F)
  • Rectal: 37 to 38 C (98.6 to 100.4 F)
  • Axilla 36 to 37 C (96.6 to 98.6 F)
  • Blood Pressure:
  • Normal: <120/<80
  • Elevated: 120s/<80
    -Stage 1: 130s/80s
    -Stage 2: >140/>90
    -Crisis: >180/>120
  • Pulse:
  • 60 to 100 BPM
  • Strength: 0 absent, +1 weak, +2/3 normal, +4 bounding (fluid overload, anxiety)

-Respirations:
- 12 to 20 BPM

-SPO2:
- 92% to 100%

Glucose:
-Fasting: 70 to 120
-Nonfasting: <140
-HbA1c:
-<5.7% is normal
-5.7% to 6.4% is prediabetic
->6.5% is diabetic

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4
Q

Fluid Volume Balance

A

Values:
- Hematocrit: 42 to 52% (men), 37 to 47% (women)
- Hemoglobin: 14 to 18 (men), 12 to 16 (women)
- BUN: 10 to 20 mg/dL
- Sodium: 135 to 145
- Serum Osmolarity: 275 to 295 (diluted blood vs concentrated blood)
- Urine Specific Gravity: 1.005 to 1.030 (low = overhydrated, high = dehydrated)

Fluid Volume Deficit:
- Hematocrit: increased
- BUN: increased
- Sodium: increased
- Serum osmolarity: increased

Fluid Volume Overload:
- hematocrit and hemoglobin: decreased
- serum osmolarity and urine osmolarity: decreased
- BUN: decreased
- chest Xray will show pulmonary congestion (white out)

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5
Q

WBCs and Platelets

A
  • WBC: 5,000 to 10,000
  • Platelets: 150,000 to 400,000
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6
Q

ABGs

A

Values:
- pH: 7.35 to 7.45
- PCO2: 35 to 45
-HCO3: 21 to 26
-PO2: 80 to 100

Respiratory (opposite arrows):
- Acidosis = low pH + high PCO2
- Alkalosis = high pH + low PCO2

Metabolic (same arrows):
- Acidosis = low pH, low HCO3
- Alkalosis = high pH, high HCO3

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7
Q

Clotting times

A

PT (prothrombin time):
- tests for how long it takes for a person’s blood to generate fibrin and form a clot
- extrinsic clotting abilities of factors I, II, V, Vll, X)
-prolonged PT could mean vitamin K deficiency or liver disease
-Normal range: 11 - 12.5 seconds

aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time):
- measures the time is takes for blood to clot
- intrinsic clotting abilities of VIII, IX, XI, and XII)
- aPTT = monitors heparin therapy
- Normal Range: 30 to 40 seconds (Therapeutic aPTT is 1.5 to 2 times normal value - while on heparin)

INR:
- is calculated from PT (INR = PT of patient / Average PT of normal person their age/sex)
- INR = monitors warfarin therapy
- Normal Range: 0.7 to 1.8 (therapeutic INR is 2 to 3 - while on warfarin)

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8
Q

Medications

A

Digoxin:
- 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL
- Toxicity: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, halo vision

Lithium:
- 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dL
- Toxicity: nausea, vomiting, lethargy, hand tremors, fatigue, vision changes

Phenytoin (Dilantin):
- 10 to 20 mcg/mL
- Toxicity: ataxia (lack of coordination), slurred speech, vomiting, lethargy, coma, seizures (even though it treats seizures)

Theophylline:
- 10 to 20 mcg/mL
- Toxicity: Tachycardia, tachypnea, respiratory alkalosis, AFib, irritability, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia

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9
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • Cholesterol: < 200 mg/dL
  • Triglycerides: 40 - 160 (males), 35 - 135 (females)
  • HDL: >45 (male), >55 (females)
  • LDL: <130
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