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Mbb231 > Vesicles > Flashcards

Vesicles Flashcards

1
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Transport vesicles carry cargo form lumen and membrane of donor compartment to lumen and membrane of target compartment

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2
Q

Transport vesicles are coated in

A

Protein

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3
Q

Protein coated functions

A

1- curve the membrane to form vesicle
2- select the components to be carried

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4
Q

Vesicle coat is —— protein layers

A

Two
Outer later
Inner layer

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5
Q

Outer layer protein coat

A

Cage around vesicle

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6
Q

Inner layer protein coat

A

Adapter between outer and lipid bilayer
**select cargo proteins through affinity interactions

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7
Q

Classes of coated vesicles

A

1- CopII coated vesicles
——move materials forward from ER to ERGIC/anterograde
2- CopI coated vesicles
——move materials backward from ERGIC to ER/retrograde
3- Clathrin coated vesicles
——move materials from plasma membrane backward to endosome OR trans golgi to endosome

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8
Q

Budding is initiated by

A

Small GTP protein (GTPase)
SAR1-GDP

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9
Q

SAR1-GDP

A

GEF (guanine exchange factor) replace GDP with GTP causing conformational shift which sticks it into membrane

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10
Q

Sar1-gtp recruits

A

Sec23 and Sec24

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11
Q

Sec 23-24 dimer ———

A

Have a curved conformation, start bending the membrane

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12
Q

Sec 24 act as

A

Adaptor protein
Recruit protein to forming vesicle

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13
Q

Sec 24 act as

A

Adaptor protein
Recruit protein to forming vesicle

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14
Q

—— and —— binds to form cage like outer layer

A

Sec13 and sec31

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15
Q

COPII outer layer

A

Simple lattice
Convergence of four sec13-sec31 dimers

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16
Q

V-SNARE

A

Crucial for fusion of the vesicles to correct target membrane

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17
Q

Once COPII is assembled

A

Budding vesicle will separate from ER membrane

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18
Q

After separation

A

Protein coat must disassemble
Release component to cytosol
This allow v-SNARE to target the vesicle to proper membrane

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19
Q

Protein coat disassembly is mediated by

A

Hydrolysis of GTP, producing sar1-gdp

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20
Q

Vesicle travel can be mediated by

A

Microtubules
Locomotive (motor protein) pulling cargo(vesicles) on railroad(microtubule)

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21
Q

Initial contact between vesicle and target membrane involves

A

Tethering proteins

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22
Q

Two group of tethers

A

1- Rod-shaped fibrous proteins that form long bridges
2- Multi-protein complexes that hold membranes together

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23
Q

Much of membrane viscle/target is conferred by

A

Rab GTPases

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24
Q

Rab-GTP

A

Recruit cytosolic tether protein to membrane surface
Recruits motor protein to vesicle to facilitate transport

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25
Q

SNARE proteins mediate

A

Fusion between vesicles and target membranes
—sorting and targeting uses two families of SNAp REceptors:
1-v-SNARE
2-t-SNARE

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26
Q

v-SNARE found on

A

Vesicles

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27
Q

t-SNARE FOUND ON

A

Target membrane

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28
Q

v- and t- SNARE are

A

Complementary molecules

Their alpha helices tightly intertwine and pull membranes together

29
Q

After fusion v- and t- SNARE are still

A

Tightly associates and in same membrane

Need NSF and SNAPS to pry apart the SNAREs using energy

30
Q

COPI-coated vesicle forming is

A

Similar to COPII-coated
Use different coat

31
Q

Endocytic pathway

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

In steady state with each other

32
Q

Exocytosis

A

1- approach secretory vesicle to plasma membrane
2- fusion of membrane
3- rupture plasma membrane
4- discharge vesicle contents
5- vesicle membrane integrated into plasma membrane

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

1- membrane form a pocket contain materials from exterior
2- membrane closes, forming a vesicle
3- vesicle separate from plasma membrane

34
Q

Some Vesicles after budding out from TGN

A

Move directions to cell surface and exocytosis
consecutive secretion

35
Q

Consecutive secretion may requires

A

Tags

36
Q

Regulated secretion pathway

A

1- immature bud out from TGN
2- maturation = condensation
3- mature secretary vesicle move close to site of secretion
4- membrane fusion is triggered by hormonal or chemical signal

37
Q

Polarized secretion

A

Specific proteins needs to be secreted from a limited region of plasma membrane

38
Q

Polarized secretion is common in

A

Nerve cells
Intestinal cells

39
Q

Proteins and lipids destined for polarized secretion are

A

Sorted into vesicles with receptors to bind the localized region
temporary regulated

40
Q

Exocytosis

A

Proteins are released to exterior of the cell
proteins and lipid for membrane use exocytosis

41
Q

Bulk-phase Endocytosis

A

Primates ways that cell maintain membrane and fluid balance
Clarithin-independent Endocytosis

Doesn’t ingest particular molecules—non-specific

42
Q

Endocytosis (Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis)

A

Cell can selectively and efficiently acquire macromolecules by receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Use receptor on outer cell to internalize hormones

43
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

1-Ligands bind to their receptors on outer cell surface
2-receptor-ligand diffuse latterly
3-they encounter specialized region called coated pits

44
Q

Triskelion

A

Clathrin molecule consist of 3 heavy chains and 3 light chains

45
Q

Clathrin-coated vesicles

A

Clathrin molecules extensively overlap, while COPII do not

46
Q

Assembly clathrin cage is promoted

A

Adapter protein 2

47
Q

Dynamin

A

Cytosolic GTPases
Required for constricting the clathrin vesicle

48
Q

Ingestion of large (>500nm) macromolecules or whole organisms is called

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

Phagocytosis in human

A

Mostly restricted to WBC

50
Q

Endocytic vesicles then fuse with——— to degrade the target

A

endosome/lysosome

51
Q

Lysosomes

A

Destroys endosomes(materials after endocytosis)

52
Q

Acid hydrolase

A

Hydrolytic enzyme with ph=5
—capable of degrading all major classes of macromolecules

53
Q

Lysosomes have highly acidic lumen

A

-maintain an acidic environment
-lower PH is caused by v-type ATPase that pump proton inside

54
Q

Endocytic vesicle

A

Vesicle budding from plasma membrane as result of bulk-phase or receptor-mediated endocytosis

55
Q

Early endosome

A

Primary sorting station in endocytic pathway
Material either recycled back or targeted for degradation

56
Q

Late endosome

A

Organelle contain full compliment of acid hydrolase but kymen has not reached ph4-5

57
Q

Lysosome

A

An organelle that is digestively active

58
Q

Routes from late endosome to lysosome

A

1-ATPase pump cam lower the ph, which active the enzyme and generate lysosome
2-Late endosome fuse with existing lysosome

59
Q

Endocytosis of two type of receptors

A

1- housekeeping receptors
2- signaling receptors

60
Q

Housekeeping receptors mediate

A

the uptake of material that will used by cell

receptor will deliver the bound material in early endosome, releasing it because of the lower affinity at lower ph, then return to the cell membrane

61
Q

Signaling receptor bind

A

Extracellular messengers that change activity of cell
Receptors will degraded, reducing the sensitivity of the cell

62
Q

Phagocytic vacuoles material degradation

A

Phagocytic vacuoles become lysosoms by fusion with endosome

63
Q

Vesicles formed by receptor-mediated endocytosis ———

A

Fuse with vesicles of TGN contain acid hydrolase

64
Q

Indigestible materials

A

Will leave the cell
Lysosome become residual body

65
Q

Nutrients of digestion

A

Can leave the cell(exocytosis)
Or
Release nutrient as digestion happens to the cell

66
Q

Autophagy

A

Digestion of old organelles and cell structures

67
Q

Autophagy types

A

Macrophagy
Microphagy

68
Q

Macrophagy

A

Formation autophagic vacoule (autophagosome) when an organelle become wrapped in double membrane from ER

69
Q

Microphagy

A

Smaller vacuole is formed surrounded by single membrane

Mbb231 (19 decks)

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