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Mbb231 > Immune Response > Flashcards

Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

weapon immune system

A

1-cells that kill or ingest infect cell
2-soluble protein can neutralize/immobilize/kill pathigens

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2
Q

immunity kinds

A

1- innate immunity
2- adaptive immunity

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3
Q

innate is

A

non-specifc

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4
Q

adaptive involve

A

T and B cells

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5
Q

hematopoiesis

A

all bllod cells have limited life spans and need to be regenrated

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6
Q

RBC

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

WBC

A

Leukocytes

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8
Q

blood cell generation

A

1- bone marrow produce hematopoietic stem cell
2- differentiate into myeloid cell and lymphoid cell
3- myeloid differentiate into WBC and RBC
4- Lymphoid differentiate into B/T/NK cells

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9
Q

two circulatory system

A

1- cardiovascular
2-lymphatic

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10
Q

interstitial fluid

A

1- by positive arterial pressure of heart pumping resulting loss of fluid from circulatory to interstitial spaces
2- interstitial fluid is three times the blood
3- interstitial fluid returned to heart by lympathic circulatory system

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11
Q

Lymphatic system facilitate

A

immune sytem migration and antigen transport from periphery to lymph nodes

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12
Q

how cell of immune sytem get into lymphatic system?

A

through special endothelial cells in lymph nodes

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13
Q

monocytes

A

from bone marrow
circulate in blood stream for 8 hrs
migrate into tissues and differentiate to macrophages

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14
Q

Differentiation of monocytes to macrophage

A

1- 5/10x enlargement in isze
2- increased complexity
3- increased phagocytic ability

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15
Q

macrophages lifespan

A

2-4 months

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16
Q

macrophage have many

A

receptors on its cell surface that recognize pathogen ssurfaces

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16
Q

PAMPS bind to

A

pattern recognition

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17
Q

Pathogens then are —- activating —-

A

phagocytosed
macrophage

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18
Q

binding bacteria to macrophage will

A

1- bactery degradation
2- inflammatory cytokines

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19
Q

macrophages remain —- until activating

A

in resting state

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20
Q

cytokines

A

substances secreted by immune system that effect on other cells

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21
Q

chemokines

A

type of cytokine with chemotaxis induction

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22
Q

after phagocyte of bacteria by macropphage

A

it digest pathigen and spit out most of degraded materials instead of some pieces in binding pocket of MHC

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23
Q

pieces in MHC binding pocket

A

present antigens to other cells of immune system

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24
Q

neutrophils

A

mosy abundant granulocyte
Store and released by bon emarrow and circulate in blood for 7-10 days

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25
Q

neutrophils function

A

kill pathogens

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26
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increase in number of neutrophils indicate infection

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27
Q

neutrophil killing mechanism

A

extracellular
intracellular

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28
Q

eosinophils

A

very small amount in blood system
activation release free radical and toxic granules

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29
Q

free radicals can

A

kill microorganism and parasite
during allergic response can cause tissue damage

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30
Q

basophils

A

extremly low level in circulation

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31
Q

basophils upon activation

A

release histamine can cause allergic reaction

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32
Q

dendritic cells

A

name due to long membrane extension
under most surface epithelia in heart and kidney

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33
Q

only cell arise from myeloid and lymphoid both

A

dendritic cells

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34
Q

dendritic cell function

A

engulf pathigens
migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes, loose phagocitosis ability but gain ability to present antigens to t cellls

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35
Q

important link betwwen innate and adaptive immune sysytem

A

denderitic cell release antigen in lymph nodes for t cells

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36
Q

B cell antigen

A

membrane bound antigen
after activation secrete

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37
Q

T cell antigen

A

doesnot recognize free antigen
only can bind to antigen that is bound to MHC molecule

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38
Q

antigen

A

molecular fragment that is recognized by an antibody an B cell receptor or bind to MHC molecule

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39
Q

Epitope

A

is bound by antibody and rise MHC binding peptide

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40
Q

immunogen

A

antigen capable of invoking immune response

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41
Q

All antigens are immunogen?

A

false

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42
Q

Hepten

A

antigen yes
immunogen no

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43
Q

lymphocytes

A

released from bone marrow
circulate beetween blood and lymph
either will encounter antigen and differentiate or doesn’t encounter and apoptosis

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44
Q

B cells when activated differntiate to

A

Plasma cells that produce antibodies
antigen will be presented on B cell surface in context on class II MHC molecule

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45
Q

Professional antigen presenting cells

A

1- dendritic cells
2- macrophages
3- B-lymphocytes
**in order to present antigen should phagocytose

46
Q

neutrophils can —- but cannot —-

A

can phagocytose
cannt present antigens

47
Q

T cells

A

CD8+
CD4+
Regulatory

48
Q

CD8

A

kill infected cell with virus

49
Q

CD4

A

regulate other wbc
activate macrophage/B cell/CD8

50
Q

Regulatory T cell

A

suppress other lymphocytes activity

51
Q

MHC kind

A

class I: always associate woith CD8 and on every nucleated cell
class II: always associate with CD4 and only on professional antigen presenting cells

52
Q

NK cells

A

circulate in blood as large lymphocytes with distinct cytotoxic granules
non-specific granulelfo

53
Q

first line of defence is

A

nk cells
cells will undergo apoptosis

54
Q

primary lymphoid tissue

A

1- bone marrow
2- thymus

55
Q

all cell coming from —- stem cell from bone marrow

A

hematopoietic

56
Q

b cell mature in

A

bone marrow

57
Q

t cell mature in

A

thymus

58
Q

innate response is

A

rapid
fixed
limited number of specifities
constant
min to hrs

59
Q

adaptive response is

A

slow
variable
high specifities
improve during response
days

60
Q

duration of t cell and b cell antibodies can be (memory B/T cells)

A

life long

61
Q

complement

A

part of innate system
small proteins circulate in inactive mode
ultimate goal of them is destroy pathigen

62
Q

complement pathway

A

1- pathogen recruiting by C1/C2/C4
2- cleavage C3 to C3a and C3b
3- C3b bound to surface pathogen
4- C3a recruit more phagocytes

63
Q

cleavage of C3 will result in

A

1- opsonization(c3b)
2- recruitment inflammatory cells (c3a,c5a)
3- perforation pathogen membrane
4- from membrane attack complex – cell lysis (c5-c9)

64
Q

Opsonization

A

by coatin ga phatogen makin g it easier to phagocyte

65
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

ultimate goal: elimination by phagocytes
Antibodies:
1- bind and neutralize bacterial toxin
2- opsonization
3-activate complement (igG/IgM)

66
Q

antibodies are secreted by —- and are —-

A

b cell
specific

67
Q

antibodies are specific?

A

they tend to be specific as they have high affinity for the same virus if seen

68
Q

what differentiate in defferent b cells

A

hyper variable region (HV=CDR)
tip of antigen bindign sites

69
Q

Will every AA in HV region associate with antigen

A

no
both light and heavy chain has HV region and by different combination of them, different antigen can bind

70
Q

antigen binding site

A

3 light chain
3 heavy chain
multiple weak non-covalent interaction
6 CDR will make an stable interaction

71
Q

five classes of antibody based on their heavy chain

A

IgG
IgD
IgE
IgM
iGa

72
Q

mature b cells express

A

IgM and IgD receptors
it will differentiate in lymph nodes

73
Q

B class switch will happen in

A

bone marrow

74
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

5 epitotes all are the same specifity

75
Q

polyclonal antibody

A

5 different monoclonal epitote

76
Q

in response to a complex antigen ——– will produced

A

polyclonal antiserum

77
Q

if b cell encounter antigen

A

initiallt secrete IgM
then in lymphoid centers by increasing affinity can produce memory/IgG/IgA/IgE

78
Q

During B cell development

A

V (variable)
D (diversity)
J (joining)
cut and respliced by DNA recombination

79
Q

DNA recombination of VDJ is

A

Somatic recombination

80
Q

B cells will helped by T cells to become fully activated and undergo

A

1- somatic hypermutation
2- affinity maturation

81
Q

affinity maturation

A

select for mutated B cell having highest affinity for antigen

82
Q

orhanization and arrangement of light and heavy chains will take place in —-

A

bone marrow

83
Q

in bone marrow b cells that are —— are eliminated

A

recognize by self antigen

84
Q

IgM

A

first antibody on B cell surface
produced by primary antibody response

85
Q

after IgM, other antibodies with —– will respond with —

A

higher affinity
higher concentration

86
Q

secondary stimulus when seen

A

higher affinity antibody will work faster and sooner

87
Q

postulates of clonal selection

A

1- single type of receptor has unique specifity
2- high affinity connection of foreign molecule and lymphocyte receptor leads to lymphocyte activation
3- identical specificity daughter cell with original cell
4- prevent auto-immunity

88
Q

clonal selection

A

many lymphocytes
removal of self-reactive lymphocyte
foreign antigen bind with a mature lymphocyte
differentiation and clonal expansion of effector cells

89
Q

T cells in entering the thymus does not express

A

CD4/CD8 specificity
mature in thymus
self-antigens are eliminated

90
Q

t cell only activate when

A

Recognize antigen presented on surface of MHC protein

91
Q

T cell recognition

A

1- the apoptosis recognized by T cells are buried inside
2- antigen must first broken down into peptide fragments
3- epitope binds to MHC protein
4- t cell bind complex of mhc and epitope

92
Q

MHC class I recognized by

A

CD8+

93
Q

MHC class II recognized by

A

CD4+

94
Q

Dendritic cells presenting antigen are recognized by

A

both CD8 and CD4

95
Q

MHC molecules

A

in HUman called HLA
3 HLA come from each parents (total 6)

96
Q

every MHC molecule can bind

A

wide variety of peptide antigens

97
Q

if T-cell cannot identify the antigen within MHC protein context,..

A

no response

98
Q

naive B cells

A

B cell that have not seen B cell

99
Q

naive b cell will transform to

A

plasma cells

100
Q

high rate Ig secretion

A

in plasma cell

101
Q

dendritic cell

A

take up bacteria at site of injury and move to lymph node and settle in T cell area
present antigen to T cell via binding with MHC

102
Q

target cell can be

A

virus-infected cell
macrophage
B cell

103
Q

CD8 will kill directly the

A

virus - infected cell

104
Q

CD4 will

A

1- activate macrophage (cytokines)
2- Chnage B cell to plasma cell (release antibody)

105
Q

B cell activation

A

1- surface Ig capture anto\igen
2- complex internalized
3- complex destroyed and T-cell epitope presented by MHC class II
4- CD4 will identify MHC-epitope complex
5- B cell dissociate to plasma cell and IgM (or class switch recombination-other Ig)

106
Q

in TCR-MHC interaction

A

Both T-helper and B-cell are bound to epitope

107
Q

what happen in dark zone

A

clonal expansion
somatic hypermutation

108
Q

what happen in light zpone

A

improved affinity
TCL_MHC interaction
IgM and plasma cell

109
Q

activation of CD8+

A

1- recognition of antigen (additional signalling happen)
2- proliferation: increase in number
3- differentiation: acquire special function
4- effector function: kill apoptosis

110
Q

why only infected cell are eliminated

A

progammed efficiently to eliminate

111
Q

NEcrosis

A

1-chromatin clumping swollen organelles
2-disintegration
3-release intracelellular content
4-inflammation

112
Q

Apoptosis

A

1- Segregation of cytoplasm
2- Nuclear fragmentation
3- phagocytosis

Mbb231 (19 decks)

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