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ADN002 MED SURG > Week 2 Infections > Flashcards

Week 2 Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Chain of Infection

A

Infectious Agent
Reservoirs
Portal of Exit
Means of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host

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2
Q

Colonization

A

Describes microbes present without host inference or interaction

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3
Q

Infection

A

Indicates host interaction with the organism

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4
Q

Disease

A

The infected host displays a decline in wellness caused by the infection

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5
Q

Information Resouces

A

WHO
CDC
OSHA
Local Agencies
Hospital and facility infection control specialists and facility policies and procedures

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6
Q

Isolation Precautions

A

Guidelines to prevent the transmission of microbes in hospitals

Standard precautions in all patients

Primary strategy for preventing HAIs

Transmission- Based Precautions are for Pt with known infections diseases spread by airborne, droplet or contact routes

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7
Q

Elements of Standard Precautions

A

Hand hygiene
Use of gloves and other barriers
Needle sticks
Proper handling of patient care equipment and linen
Environmental control
Patient Placement

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8
Q

Organisms of HAI Infection Potential

A

C diff
MRSA
VRE
Multi Drug resistant gram negative organisms
CAUTI
CLABSI
VAP

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9
Q

Airborne Precautions

A

Hospitalized patient should be in negative pressure with the door closed, hcp should wear N95 resp mask at all times in the room

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10
Q

Droplet Precautions

A

Wear a face mask but door remain open, transmission limited to close contact

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11
Q

Contact Precautions

A

Use of barriers to prevent transmission, emphasize cautious technique because organisms are easily transmitted by contact between health worker and the PT

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12
Q

Prevention of Infection

A

HAI bloodstream infections

Community acquired infections
- Community acquired pneumonia is treated with different antibiotics than hospital acquired pneumonia

Vaccination programs

Planning for pandemic

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13
Q

Diarrheal Diseases

A

Transmission

Causes
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic

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14
Q

STIs Infections

A

Syphilis
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Neisseria Gonnorhea
HIV
Trichomoniasis
Herpes
HPV

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15
Q

Nursing Process The Care of the Patient c STI Assessment

A

Protecting privacy and confidentiality

Communication needs to be culturally and emotionally sensitive and clarification is necessary

Patient Knowledge

Physical exam includes: rashes, lesions, drainage, inguinal nodes, genitalis, rectal, mouth and throat, women need abdominal and uterine exam

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16
Q

Collaborative Problems and Potential Complications

A

Increased risk for ectopic pregnancy
Infertility
Transmission of infection
Neurosyphillis
Gennoccal Memingitis
Gonoccal Arthritis
Syphillis Aortitis
HIV related complications

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17
Q

Interventions

A

Education about STDs and the spread of infection

Reducing Anxiety
Encourage to discuss anxieties and fears
Provide factual information and individualized education
Assistance in planning discussion with partners
Referral to social worker

Increasing Compliance
PT education
Referral to appropriate agencies

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18
Q

Emerging Infectious Agents

A

West Nile
Legionnaires
Pertussis
Ebola
E. Coli
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

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19
Q

Principles of Antimicrobial

A

Goal of therapy

Prevent and treat infection caused by pathogenic organisms

Drug Selection

Depends on organism causing infection
Severity of infection
Other Factors

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20
Q

Beta Lactam Antibacterials

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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21
Q

Penicillin

A

Safe, effective, widely used ATB

First ATB developed
- Had to be given parenterally
Destroyed by gastric acid
Injections were painful

Extensive use produced drug- resistant stains of Staphy

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22
Q

Penicillin

A

Take on empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hour before except Amoxicillin taken with meals

Indications for use
BActrial infections caused by susceptible organisms
More effective in gram + than gram - infections
Skin/ soft tissue, resp. GI, and GU infections
Incidents of resistance continue to increase

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity/ allergic reaction to any penecillin preparation
Potential exists for cross allergenicity with cephalosporins and carbapenems use to be avoided

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23
Q

Penecillin Resistant Penicillins

A

Dicloxicillin
Naficillin
Oxacillin

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24
Q

Aminopenecillins

A

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Pepercillin

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25
Q

Penicillin Beta Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations

A

Ampillicin Sulbactam

Pipercillin tazobactam

26
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Derived from fungus

Broad spectrum ATB goes against gram + and gram -

Widely distributed into most body fluids and tissues

Max conct in liver and kidneys

Clinical Use
Surgical Prophylaxis
Infections
Resp. Tract and urinary tract
Skin, soft tissues
Bones, joints
Brain, spinal cord

Contra in
Previous anaphylatic reactions
Cephalsporin allergy

27
Q

Cefazolin

A

1st gen

28
Q

2nd Generation

A

Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
Ceftazidime

29
Q

3rd Generation

A

Cetriaxone

30
Q

4th Generation

A

Cefepime

31
Q

5th Gen

A

Certaroline

32
Q

Carbapenems

A

Broad Spectrum, bactericidal beta lactam anti microbials

Inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell walls by binding with penicillin binding proteins

33
Q

Imipenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Meropenem

A

All are Carbapenems

34
Q

Monobactams are active against bacteria

A

Gram -

active against many strains that are antibody resistant

Does NOT cause kidney damage or hearing loss

Indications use for
Urinary Tract, lower Respiratory, intra abdominal and gynecologic infections, septicemia

35
Q

Examples of Monobactams

A

Aztreonam

36
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotic

A

Vancomycin

Treats C diff

37
Q

Side effects of Vancomycin

A

Hypotension
SOB
Dizziness
Headache
Chills
Fever
Chest Pain
Red Man Syndrome c IV use

38
Q

Introduction to Fungi

A

Include Yeasts and Molds

Widely dispersed in environment

Saprophytic: Feed on dead organic matter

Parasitic- Feed on living organisms

Larger and more complex than bacteria

39
Q

Multicellular Organisms that form fuzzy coating on various surfaces can produce spores, which can persist indefinitely in the environment

A

Molds

40
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular organisms

Dermatophytes

41
Q

Pathogens exist in

A

Soil, decaying plants

Other environmental habitats

Normal Flora ( candida albicans)

Skin, mouth, GI tract, vagina

42
Q

Dematophytes

A

Mild and Superficial
Skin, hair, and nails: obtain nourishment from keratin
Tinea Pedis- Athletes foot
Tinea Captis- Ringworm

43
Q

What are Mycoses?

A

Life threatening and systemic
Mainly in immunosuppressed hosts
More severe and invasive in immunocompromised

44
Q

Why are serious fungal infections increasing?

A

HIV
Use of immonosupressants
Cancer, organ transplant patients

Use of Indwelling caths
Central Lines
Prosthetic Devices
Overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics

45
Q

Name selected Fungal Infections

A

Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Candidasis
Coccidiodmycosis
Crytocossis
Histoplasmosis
Pneumocytosis
Sporotrichosis

46
Q

Fungal cells are similar to

A

Human cells

Make sit difficult to develop effective antifungals

47
Q

Where do antifungal medications target?

A

The cell membrane
- Produce potentially serious toxicities and drug interactions

Disrupt Structure and function of cell components

Polyenes
Azoles
Echinocandins

48
Q

Polyenes

A

Amphotericin B

Nephrotoxic
IV administered

49
Q

Nystatin

A

Mycostatin

Cream
powder
Ointment
Suspension/Tablets
oral thrush- candidasis

50
Q

What is used for vaginal candidasis?

A

Fluconazole

51
Q

Name the Azoles

A

Used PO, single dose, Parenteral

Itraconazole
Ketconzaloe
Posaconazole
Voriconazole

52
Q

Echocandins include ?

A

Caspofungin
Anidulafungin
Micafungin

Used IV

53
Q

Other fungals include :

A

Griseofulvin
Terbinafine
Pyrimidine

54
Q

Viral STDs

A

HIV HPV Herpes Hepatitis

55
Q

Bacterial STDs

A

Syphilis
Gonnorhea
Chlymadia

56
Q

Protozoal STD

A

Trichomonasis, crabs, pubic lice, scabies

57
Q

Education on STDs

A

Decreasing the spread

Safe Sex practices
Abstinence
Active infection- Have partner to be treated

58
Q

Covid 19 Risk Factors

A

Age
Obesity
CV: HTN, CHF, CAD, cardiomyopathies
Diabetes
CKD
COPD/TB/ Asthma
Chronic Liver disease
Cystic Fibrosis
HIV/ Cancer/

Certain Meds ex ACEs and ARBs

59
Q

Diagnostics

A

Labs
Lymphophenia
Neutrophillia
Elevated AST and ALT
Elevated Lactate
Elevated CRP
Elevated Ferritin
Elevated D Dimer
Elevated Prolactin

Chest X ray and Chest CT
-Unremarkable early in disease
Bilateral air space consolidation

60
Q

Chest Radiographs

A

Ground Glass Opacities
See Xrays

61
Q

Management and Treatment

A

Severe Clinical Presentation

Present:
Pneumonia
ARDs
Resp. Failure (Hypoxemic)
Sepsis
Septic Shock
Cardiomyopathy and Arrythmias
AKI
Secondary Bacterial Infections HAIs
-Due to prolonged hospital admission

Treatment:
Experimental corticosteroid use

Supportive care includes:
Treatment of PNA
Trx hypoxemic respiratory failure/ ARDs
-Mechanical Ventilation
- Sepsis/ Shock/ Multiorgan failure
- Affects of HAIs
- Thromboembolism

ADN002 MED SURG (18 decks)

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