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ADN002 MED SURG > Week 2 Immunizations > Flashcards

Week 2 Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Immunizations

A

Prepared by pharmaceutical companies regulated by US Food and Drug Administration

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2
Q

Immunizing Agents and Allergenic extracts

A

Two of the man groups of drugs that are classified as biologics by the FDA.

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3
Q

Immunizations

A

Involve administration of Antigen to induce antibody( immunoglobulin) formation
- Active Immunity

Normally acquired by contracting a disease, then developing immunity to it.

Being vaccinated with proteins from causative agent

Two main types of immunity:
Passive
Active

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4
Q

Active Immunity

A

A form of acquired immunity that develops

In response to an immunogen (antigen)
Naturally acquired by exposure to an infectious disease

Artificially acquired by receiving active immunizing agents (vaccines)

Vaccination= active immunization

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5
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Serum from immune people

Effectors of immunity ( immunoglobulins or antibodies) - From one immune individual to another

IgG antibodies

From mother to fetus, across placental barrier

Onset of passive immunity quicker

However, of shorter duration than active immunity

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6
Q

Active Immunity Agents

A

Biologic Products used
-Vaccines
- Suspensions of microbes ( killed/ attenuated antigenic products) intended to induce antibody formation for the prevention of disease
Many produce long- lasting immunity
Small risk of developing disease with live vaccines) especially immunosuppressed)

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7
Q

Active Immunity

A

Toxoids

Bacterial Toxins or products modified to destroy toxicity but retain antigenic properties.

Not permanent, boosters required.

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8
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Vaccine
Produces or artificially increases immunity to a disease

May contain

Inactivated - Killed organisms
Living attenuated- reduced virulence organism

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9
Q

Active immunizing Agents

A

Main Action
Prevent , not treat disease
- Most common vaccines are highly effective

  • Very Safe
    Generally Available at low cost
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10
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Active
- Usually administered before disease exposure
- Provide long- term, even permanent, protection

Passive
- Older than active agents
Various antitoxins derived from animals.
Problems in efficacy and safety

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11
Q

Vaccines

A

Most bacterial vaccines contain killed bacteria or their components.

Bacterium is developed that lacks a toxin, enzyme, or other normal constituent.

Another type contains toxoids (protein toxins)
- Modified to reduce hazardous properties without greatly altering antigenic properties
- Ex: Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid

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12
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Vaccines
- Relatively harmless from sensitizes immune cells

Possible re- exposure to the organism
- Triggers a quicker immune response

  • Used for many bacterial infections
  • Also used for lesser amounts of viral infections
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13
Q

Indications for Use

A

Routine immunization of children

  • Diphtheria, Hib ( Haemophilus Influenzae) infection
  • Hep A, B
  • Influenza A, B
  • Measles( Rubeola), mumps, rubella (MMR)
  • Pertussis, poliomyelitis, rotavirus
  • Tetanus, varicella, pneumoccal infection

A decrease in these vaccinations has contributed to an increased prevalence of these diseases.

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14
Q

Indications for Use

A

TDAP
HiB
HEP A
HepB
MMR
HPV
PCV13
PPV23
VAR
RZV
MenACWY
MenB
RIV4
LAIV4
Covid 19

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15
Q

Hib

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

Infects the lining of the brain causing meningitis

Vaccine Protects against pericarditis, pneumonia, and infections of the blood, bones, and joints

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16
Q

Hep A

A

Killed vaccine. Need 2 doses for long lasting protection. Doses given 6 months apart

Children vaccinated between 12 - 23 months

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17
Q

Hep A

A

Spread through food and water with feces

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18
Q

Hep B

A

Spread through bodily fluids

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19
Q

Hep B Vaccine

A

Made from parts of the virus.

Given 2,3, 4 shots over 1 to 6 months

Infants first dose at birth and complete series at 6 months

Important from healthcare workers

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20
Q

Hep B

A

Need HepB need 3 dose or two dose series of Recombivax or Engerix

3 dose- 1 now then another month and then 5 months after

Two doses- now then seperated by at least 4 weeks

Hep B can stay viable on surface for a week

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21
Q

MMR

A

Two doses of MMR

Vaccine use for children 12 months to 12 years of age

1st dose- 12 - 15 months
2nd dose- 4-6 years of age

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22
Q

Measles

A

Acute systemic viral infection with fever, respiratory involvement and symptoms and a rash

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23
Q

Mumps

A

Affects the parotid glands and affects the saliva below and in front of the ears

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24
Q

Mumps

A

Spread
- Airborne
- Saliva
- Touching

S/S
Fever
loss of app
Headache
Muscle Pain
Pain when eating

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25
Q

Rubella

A

German Measles

Spread through direct contact or air.

Symptoms after 2 to 3 weeks of exposure include fever and headache

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26
Q

Polio

A

Highly contagious infection. Caused by 3 types of poliovirus. Destroys the nervous system causing paralysis.

Many people infected do not become sick or show no symptoms.

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27
Q

Rotavirus

A

Causes gastroenteritis
Genus of double- stranded RNA viruses family of Reovirdae.

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28
Q

HPV

A

Vaccines protect either 2, 4, or 9 types

All protect against type 16 and 18 these cause great risk of cervical cancer

Brands include Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix

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29
Q

HPV

A

Warts. Most common STI.

No cure for the virus. Tx is to treat the warts.

HPV vaccine to prevent warts and cervical cancer is recommended by boys and girls

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30
Q

Influenza A

A

Causes influenza in birds and mammals.

Viruses contain inactivated form either trivalant or quadvalant

Nasal spray intains live vaccine

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31
Q

Infleunza B

A

Virus from the Orthomyxoviridae.

Infects humans and seals

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32
Q

Diptheria

A

Infection caused by bacterium Corynebacterium causes a thick covering in the back of the throat can lead to breathing issues, heart failure, paralysis and even death.

33
Q

DTAP

A

Combination of 3 to provide immunity

6 weeks to under age 7

34
Q

TDAP

A

Used to boost immunity against the 3 same diseases.

adult and children 10 and beyond

35
Q

Tdap

A

Contains a lower dose of vaccine that Dtap

36
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping Cough. Bordetella Influenza. Violent uncontrollable barking cough.

Steroid given orally. Macrolides

DTAP- infants and children

Tdap- preteens, teens, and adults

37
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani.
Bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust, and manure.

Dtap- Young children.

DT- Diptheria and Tet. Young children.

Tdap- Preteens and up.
TD

38
Q

If you did not receive tetanus vaccine?

A

Start with 3 dose series with first dose being a three in one combination called TDAP.

39
Q

Tetanus Booster is every

A

10 years

40
Q

Chicken Pox

A

Varicella zoster. Blister like rash, itching, tiredness and fever. Droplets precautions.

Vaccine is attenuated.

41
Q

Shingles

A

Herpes zoster virus. Dominant due to chicken pox. Spread by contact. Rash and blisters and it is unilateral and dermatomes. Runs across the eye and may lose eyesight. Contact isolation.

Vaccine is Shingrix for ages 50 and above.

42
Q

Pneumococcal Infections

A

Caused by gram-positive sphere-shaped bacteria. Cause meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear infection. Infected when people cough or sneeze into the air.

43
Q

Pneumococcal Vaccines

A

Conjugate
Polysaccharide vaccines.

44
Q

PCV13

A

Given to babies.

1st dose- 2 months
2nd dose- 4 months
3rd dose- 12 months

45
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Also hallmarked by nuchal rigidity.

Kernig’s- Resistance to full extension of leg at knee when hip is flexed

Brudzinskis- Flexion of both hips and knees when neck flexed passively.

46
Q

Meningitis caused by

A

Nessieria Meningitidis

Vaccines
Meningococcal Conjugate VAccines

Serogroup B vaccines

All 11- 12 year olds vaccinated with meningococcal conjugate vaccine.

47
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Very serious. Permanent damage brain, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.

48
Q

Viral Meningitis

A

Most common. Inflammation of tissue of the brain.

49
Q

Fungal Meningitis who are most at risk

A

Weakened immune system patients

50
Q

Parasitic Meningitis cause rare ?

A

Eosinophillic, eosinophillic meningoencephalitis.

51
Q

Covid 19 Vaccines

A

Pfizer - 16 yrs 2 doses

Modrna - 18 yrs. 2 doses

52
Q

JJ for covid 19

A

18 yr
1 shot
Viral Vector Vaccine

53
Q

Covid 19 Booster

A

Pfizer series. Booster 12 to 17 age. 5 months since last dose

Moderna- 18 and up. 5 months since last dose.

JJ- 18 yr up. 2 months and above since last dose.

54
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Vaccines

Injection Site Reactions
Fever
Headache
Malaise
Nausea
Dizziness

55
Q

Contraindications for Immunization

A

Febrile illness
Immunosuppresive drug therapy
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Pregnancy
Lactation
Previous reaction

56
Q

Interactions

A

May occur upon concurrent vaccines
Monitor for fever
Monitor injection site

57
Q

Use in Special Populations

A

Healthy teens
Older Adults
Immunosuppression
Cancer
Pneumococcal Vaccine
- major immunosuppression
- Pulmonary and Cv
- Chronic Renal
- DM

Influenza

58
Q

Standards of Immunizations 65 years and under

A

Only routine
Booster Doses - Dipth and Tet

Shingles Vaccine

59
Q

Immune System

A

Lymphatic System
Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph
Combats infectious diseases
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fat

60
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Special proteins called antibodies . Are the dominant cells

Respond to:
Invading pathogens
Abnormal body cells
Foreign protein such as toxins

61
Q

Specific Defense

A

Compromise Immunity

62
Q

Immunity

A

Ability to resist infection and disease through activation of specific diseases

63
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid flowing through lymphatic vessels

Lymphoid Organs
- Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and more
Connected to vessels
- Have large numbers of lymphocytes

64
Q

Lymphatic System

A

garbage collection system

Fluid consists of the waste deposits of cells.
Lymph same amount as blood main difference is no pump.

65
Q

Lymphatic Circulation

A

Pumped by vessels via contraction of muscles

No deposit of fluids= increase in swelling, inflammation, and pain along with other diseases. Lymph nodes are small filters that corner bacteria.

66
Q

T Cells

A

Lymphocytes - Thymus dependent

Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells and body cells infected with viruses

Primary cells that provide cell mediated immunity

67
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Lost cell immunity from disease. Example AIDS. Body can not protect itself from invaders.

68
Q

B Cells

A

Bone marrow derived
Differentiate to plasma cells
Production, and secretion of antibodies
Called Igs

Antibodies react with antigens
- Usually pathogens, derived from pathogens or other foreign compounds

69
Q

Cell- Mediated Immunity and Humoral Immunity

A

B Cells
Produced from circulating antibodies to act against antigen
- Released into circulation at lymph nodes

Form
- Daughter lymphocytes that develop into plasma cells

Some activated B cells turn into memory cells
- Continually produce small amounts of antibody after infection is overcome

70
Q

NK Cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

Attack foreign cells
Virus infected cells
Cancer cells appearing in normal tissues

71
Q

Immunity

A

Disease protection induced by antigen exposure

72
Q

Active Immunity

A

Long Lasting
Protects body from future invaders as a result from natural antibodies

Artificial antibodies- after vaccine administration

73
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Short Lasting
Naturally through placenta to fetus
Conveyed artificially by injection of serum antibodies

74
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Protein Antibodies
Secreted by B lymphs
Protect from foreign invaders
IgA, IgD. IgE, IgG, IgM

antibodies created by b lymphs in response to antigen

75
Q

IgA

A

Found in nose, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. Also found in tears and saliva.

76
Q

IgG

A

Bodily fluids
Most common and important in fighting viral and bacterial infections

Only type that cross the placenta

77
Q

IgM

A

Largest antibody
Blood and lymph.
Cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances

78
Q

IgE

A

Lungs, skin, and mucous membranes Cause the body to react with foreign invaders such as pollen, fungus, and animal dander. Involved in allergic reactions. High in people with allergies.

79
Q

IgD

A

Antibodies found in small amounts of tissue that line belly or chest.

ADN002 MED SURG (18 decks)

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