Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
diseases of the GI tract can be classified as:
- developmental disorders
- inflammatory diseases
- functional disorders
- circulatory disturbances
- neoplastic diseases
what are the pathologies of the esophagus
- hiatial hernia
- reflux esophagus
- achalasia
- esophageal varices
what are the conditions of the stomach
- acute gastritis
- chronic gastritis
- peptic ulcer disease
- stomach cancer
what are the conditions f the small intenstine
- meckel diverticulum
- bowel obstruction
- herniation
- adhesions
- intussesception
- volvulus
- adenocarcinoma
- carcinoid tumor
what are the conditions of the large intestine
- pseudomembranenous colitis
- diverticulosis
- chron disease
- ulcerative colitis
- adenomatous polyps
- colon cancer
what are the layers of the GI system
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
what makes up the mucosa in the GI system
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosa
what are the types of muscularic propria
- circumferential
- longitudinal
what is dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
what is hematesis
vomiting of fresh red blood
what is hematochezia
bright red blood in stool
what is melena
balck tarry feces
what is diarrhea
frequent, loose, watery bowel movements
what is constipation
hard feces that are difficult to eliminate
what is odynophagia
painful swallowing
what is gastroenterology
a subspecialty of internal medicien
what is esophagogastroduodenoscopy
upper GI endoscopy
what is a colonoscopy
lower GI endoscopy
what is odynophagia
pain on swallowing
what is heartburn
a burning behind the sternum - GERD
what are clinical symptoms and signs of esophageal disease
dysphagia
- odynophagia
- heartburn
- acid regurgitation into mouth
what is achalasia
- a functional motor disorder
- dysfunction of ganglion cells of myenteric plexus (auerbach plexus) prevents proper relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter- a motility disorder
what are the symptoms in achalasia
- dysphagia
- regurgitation
- halitosis
- proximal dilation
describe plummer- vinson symdrom (paterson- kelly syndrome)
- scandanavian , norther european women
- severe iron deficiency anemia
- mucosal atrophy - atrophic glossitis
- esophageal webs- dysphagia
- increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma in esophagus, oropharynx and posterior oral cavity
what are esophageal varies caused by
portal hypertension produced venous dilation
describe rupture of esophageal varices
- rupture leads to hematesis and massive upper GI bleed
- rupture of a varix is associated with high mortality
- rupture of a varix accounts for half of the deaths in advanced cirrhosis
what are mallory weiss syndrome seen in and what is it
- seen in chronic alcoholics, where violent retching causes esophageal lacerations and hemorrhage
what is a hiatal hernia
- diaphragmatic hernia- widended diaphragmatic hiatus allows protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm
- gastroesophageal junction pulled into thorax
what is barrett esophagus
- gastric metaplasia of lower esophageal mucosa- columnar epithelium replaces stratified squamous epithelium
- odynophagia, ulceration and hemorrhage
- risk of developing adenocarcinoma
describe esophageal canccer
- squamous cell carcinoma
- adenocarcinoma- barret esophagus
- dysphagia due to narrowing of lumen or interference with peristalsis
describe esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- older adults, geographical variation, poor prognosis
- most common world wide but adenocarcinoma of esophagus is more common in US
- most common in middle third
- alcohol and tobacco, plummer vinson syndrome, diet influence incidence
describe esophageal adenocarcinoma
- lower segment
- barrett esophagus is a risk factor
- more common than squamous carcinoma in US
what are the epithelial cells of the stomach and what do they do and where are they found
- mucous cells- secrete mucous, in cardia
- parietal cells- located in body, secretes hydrochloric acid, and intrinsic factor
- chief cells- located in body, pepsin
- endocrine cells- G cells- gastrin
describe gastritis
-inflammation of the gastric mucosa
- acute gastritis- erosive, due to irritants and NSAIDSs
- chronic gastritis- erosive or non erosive- infectious or autoimmune
describe acute erosive gastritis
- epigastric burning, pain , nausea , vomiting
- shallow erosions
- aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol, stress, shock , sepsis
- one of the major causes of hematemesis in alcoholics
describe chornic gastritis
- infectious- the most common form of chronic gastritis is due to infection by helicobacter pyloris
- autoimmune- autoantibodies directed against parietal cells
what do H pyloris cause
- peptic ulcer disease
- adenocarcinoma
- MALT lymphoma
describe H pylori
- gram negative s-shaped rods
- biopsy and silver stain
- urea breath test
- antibody test for H pylori
describe autoimmune gastritis
- autoantibodies against gastric parietal cells
- gastric mucosal atrophy
- no IF, low serum vitamin B12, pernicious anemia
describe gastric stress ulcers
- deeper than erosions may extend to muscularis
- severe stress- ICU patietns - shock, trauma, burns, sepsis
describe peptic ulcer ddisease
most peptic ulcers are generally solitary lesions
- most occur in the duodenum - 98% are located in duodenum or stomach