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Psychology > Social - Milgram 1963 : > Flashcards

Social - Milgram 1963 : Flashcards

1
Q

What was the background history of Milgrams study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Milgram was interested in destructive obedience
  • Milgram was jewish and his family left Europe for US due to the holocaust
  • Was a belief that Germans were highly obedient ppl and ordinary ppl would not have the obedience level
  • Milgram was interested in whether or not normal, ordinary people would obey an authority figure if asked to harm innocent people
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2
Q

Define destructive obedience

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • When people obey orders that cause harm
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3
Q

What was the psychology being investigated (obedience) ?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • When we behave in a certain way in reponse to the demands of an authority figure
  • EXAMPLE : following the orders of a person percieved to be in authority (police man)
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4
Q

What is the psychology being investigated (social pressure) ?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • These are pressures that come from other individuals / groups that have a discrete influence on how we feel / behave
  • Situational hypothesis —> can explain events (holocaust) by reference to the social pressures operating in a situations rather than the charecteristics of individuals involved
  • Obedience is result of social pressure
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5
Q

Define agentic state

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • When we give up our free will to serve as an agent of authority
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6
Q

Define autonomous state

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • When we act on our own free will and choose whether to be obedient or not
  • Milgram believed that from a young age we are socialised to be obedient to authority
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7
Q

Define moral strain

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • During agentic shift we go along with the demands of authority figure even though we know it is wrong and we do not agree with it
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8
Q

What was the OVERALL aim for Milgrams study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • To investigate how obedient people would be to orders from a person in authority that would result in pain / harm to another person
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9
Q

What was the SPECIFIC aim for Milgrams study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • To see how large an electric shock a participant would give to a helpless man when ordered to by a scientist in his labratory
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10
Q

Describe who the ppts were how they became ppts?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Got ppts in newspaper advertisement
  • Volunteer sample
  • Asked for 40 men
  • Aged 20 - 50 yrs
  • All from New Haven, Connecticut, New York
  • All white men
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11
Q

What was Milgrams study design?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Was a controlled observation
  • Obedience was operationalised –> as maximum voltage given
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12
Q

What are the 20 steps of Milgrams study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  1. Payment
  2. Introduced to Mr Wallace
  3. 2 men briefed on supposed purpose of exp
  4. Introduced to experimenter
  5. Read a pretext
  6. Rigged hat
  7. Taken to another room
  8. Mr wallace strapped into chair
  9. Electrode to Wallace
  10. Shown electric shock generator
  11. Told shocks were extremeley painful not dangerous
  12. Both given 45V
  13. Preliminary run
  14. 300V pounded on wall
  15. 315V pounded on wall
  16. Prods
  17. max voltage / defiance
  18. Interview
  19. Debriefed
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13
Q

What were ppts given for their time?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Ppts promised $4.50 for their time
  • Made clear that payment was for turning up to study
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14
Q

Who was Mr Wallace
Describe him

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Ppts introduced to man
  • Was the confederate
  • Mr Wallace
  • 47 yrs old
  • Irish American
  • Accountant
  • Selected bcoz mild mannered and likeable
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15
Q

What was the supposed purpose of the experiment?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • 2 men briefed on supposed purpose of experiment
  • > > > Investigate the effect of punishment on learning
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16
Q

What was the experimenters description?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Then introduced to experimenter
  • 31 yr old biology teacher
  • Impassive w stern appearance
  • Wore a grey technician coat
17
Q

What was the pretext for?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Milgram had made a pre text to justify why the electrical shocks were being used
  • Stantardised text was read to naive ppt + confederate
18
Q

What roles were given to the naive ppt + confederate (mr wallace)

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Naive ppt + confederate were told one would be teacher other would be learner
  • Drew slips from a hat
  • Hat was rigged
  • Naive ppt = ALWAYS TEACHER
  • Confederate = ALWAYS LEARNER
19
Q

After being taken to another room what were the two things that happened to Mr Wallace and why?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Learner (Mr Wallace) was strapped to a chair
  • > > Explained that strapping was to prevent excessive movement while being shocked
  • Electrode attatched to Mr Wallace with paste to avoid blisters and burns
20
Q

Describe the electric shock generator and what was given to ppts?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Wallace + ppt shown electric shock generator
  • 15V - 450V increasing in 15V
  • Told shocks were extremely painful not dangerous
  • Each given 45V shock to demonstrate
21
Q

When was the electrical shocking given?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Wall between ppt and Mr Wallace
  • Ppt read out word pairs
  • To test wallace on his recognition of which words went together
  • Wallace make a mistake —> exp. ordered to give shock
22
Q

How did the electric shock generator work when shock was given?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • When ppt pressed switch to give shock a red light lit up
  • Electric buzzing was heard while the shock happening
  • Electric blue light ‘voltage energiser’ flashed
  • Dial representing voltage meter moved to the right
23
Q

What was the preliminary run for?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Milgram gave prem. run as he noticed the procedure of reading words + giving shock required practise
  • Ppts given 10 words to read to confederate
  • Wallace got 7 wrong + 3 correct
  • Ppt gave shocks from 15V to 150V
  • Mastered the procedure
24
Q

What happened in the real study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Wallace gave reponses based on 3 wrong : 1 correct ratio
  • Upto 300V no protesting just answering
  • At 300V he pounded on wall
  • Stopped responding to questions after 300V
  • After 315V shock pounded again
  • After 315V no pounding / answers
25
Q

What did the experimenter say about no responses?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Experimenter instructed ppt that no response given was to be treated as wrong answer and give shock
  • Ppt allowed to give 5 - 10 sec response time
26
Q

What were the 4 prods?
What happened after 4 prods given?
What tone were the 4 prods given in?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A

Prod 1 : Please continue / Please go on
Prod 2 : The experiment requires that you continue
Prod 3 : It is absolutely essential that you continue
Prod 4 : You have no other choice / you must go on

If ppt refused after prod 4 exp. was terminated
Prods given if firm but not impolite tone

27
Q

What was the additional prod if ppts asked whether shocks could cause permenant injury?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Although the shocks may be painful there is no permenant tissue damage so please go on
28
Q

What was the additional prod if ppts stated they felt like the confederate did not want to continue?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Whether the learner likes it or not you must go on until he has learned all the words pairs correctly so please go on
29
Q

How were ppts considered to have completed the procedure?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Considered to have completed procedure WHEN
  • Refused to give any more shocks > DEFIANT ppt
  • Reached maximum voltage on shock machine > OBEDIENT ppt
30
Q

What did the observor write down?
What happened after procedure was finished?
What were the ppts asked after procedure?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Observor took objective notes of any behaviour shown
  • Ppts then interviewed / debriefed
  • In interview asked to rate on scale of 0 - 14 how painful last shock was
  • Asked open ended + projective tests (reveal hidden emotion / internal conflict)
31
Q

What were the preliminary notions Milgram found?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Before study Milgram asked 14 Yale uni psych seniors to read detailed description of what study entailed
  • Said only 0 - 3% would give 450V shock
  • Mean was 1.2%
  • Milgram asked how high shock ppt would give to learner would be and generally thought few would go beyond very strong shock
32
Q

What were the results of ppts accepting the situation?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • All of the ppts were convinced they were giving shocks to Wallace
  • On the ‘how painful to the learner were the last few shocks you administered to him on 0 - 14?
  • Modal score was 14
  • Mean score was 13.42
33
Q

What was the DV in this experiment?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • The percentage of ppts who went to each voltage level was key outcome measure rather than a DV
34
Q

What were the 6 types of extreme tension shown by ppts?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • Groaning
  • Sweating
  • Lip biting
  • Stuttering
  • 14 giggled nervously
  • 3 had seizures
35
Q

What were the statistical findings from the study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  • 14 ppts (defiant) > 35% of sample
  • 26 ppts (obedient) > 65% of sample
  • Some had reluctance to shock beyond 300V > still did it
  • At 450V they mopped their brows, had cigarette, some stayed calm
36
Q

What were the 2 conclusions from Milgrams study?

Social psych - Milgram 1963

A
  1. Ppl much more obedient to destructive orders than we might expect more than the psych students suggested in their estimates - majority of ppl are willing to obey destructive orders
  2. Ppl find experience of recieving / obeying destructive orders highly stressful > obey in spite of emotional responses
    Situation triggers conflict between 2 deeply ingrained tendencies > to obey those in authority + not to harm ppl

Psychology (29 decks)

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