Accessibility evaluation of land use and transport strategies (Geurs, van Wee)

Question 1

Definition of accessibility (accessbility measures)

Answer 1

The role of land-use and transport systems in enabling individuals or groups to participate in activities at different locations.

Question 2

Definition accessibility (passenger transport)

Answer 2

The extent to which land-use and transport systems allow individuals or groups to reach activities or destinations using various transport modes

Question 3

Four key components of accessibility

Answer 3

• land use; supply and demand of opportunities and competition
• Transportation: transport system (time, costs, effort)
• Temporal: availability at different times of day, time available for people to participate
• Individual: need, abilities, opportunities of people (incl. age, income, education)

Question 4

Four perspectives on measuring accessibility

Answer 4

• Infrastructure based: performance or service level of infrastructure (congestion, speed)
• Location-based: accessibility at locations and level of acc. in spatially distributed activities
• person based: individual level, focus on limitations on persons freedom of action
• utility based: economic benefits individuals derive from acc.

Question 5

criteria for accessibility measures

Answer 5

Theoretical basis, operationalization, interpretability and communicability, accessibility as a social indicator, accessibility as an economic indicator

Question 6

Infrastructure based accessibility measures

Answer 6

Focus on factors like, travel times, congestion and road network operating speed.

Question 7

shortcomings of infrastructure based acc. measures

Answer 7

1. overlook potential land-use effects of transportation strategies
2. do not accurately measure the accessibility impacts if land use strategies that influence the spatial distribution

Question 8

Location-based accessibility measures

Answer 8

1. distance measures: evaluate the degree of connectivity between two locations, using straight line distance.
2. Contour measures: count the number of opportunities within a specified travel time, distance or costs
3. potential measures: estimate the accessibility of opportunities in one area to all other areas
4. Balancing factors: aim to incorporate competition effects in accessibility measures

Question 9

Person-based accessibility measures

Answer 9

focus on analyzing accessibility from an individual’s perspective, considering spatial and temporal constraints.

Question 10

Utility-based accessibility measures + benefits and disadvantages

Answer 10

View accessibility as the result of transportation choices and are based on utility theory (choice between two options that satisfy same needs)
1. logsum benefit measure: based on random utility theory and used denominator of multinominal logit model
2. Balancing factor benefit measure: based on doubly constrained entropy model. provides accessibility measures that represent expected benefits, attracted tris, and trips between zones

benefits: can assess, transport-user benetifs of both land-use and transport projects. can account for non-linear relationship between acc. improvements and user-benefit changes

disadvantage: complexity of interpretation and communication. Do not fully satisfy temporal constraints.

Question 11

Logsum benefit measure formula

Answer 11

1. A_i = ln Σe^(V_k)
2. A_i = -1/k * ln Σe^(V_k)

A_i represents the maximum expected utility, and V_k represents the temporal and spatial components of utility.

Question 12

Balancing factor benefit measure formula

Answer 12

• A_i = -1/b * ln(a_i)
• A_j = -1/b * ln(b_j)
• A_ij = -1/b * ln(a_i * b_j)