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Environmental Science Honors > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Zoonosis

A

An infectious or infectious diseases transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans

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2
Q

Methods for transmission of zoonoses (4 ways)

A
  • Contact with the skin
  • A bite or scratch from an animal
  • Direct inhalation or ingestion
  • Bite of an arthropod (insect, spider, crustacean) vector
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3
Q

Definition of vector

A

An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual to a susceptible individual, food, or immediate surroundings

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4
Q

Two types of vectors

A
  • Various species of rodents
  • Arthropods
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5
Q

Vector of epidemic typhus

A

Body louse

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6
Q

Vector of Tualaremia

A

Horse fly

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7
Q

Malaria found in how many countries?

A

More than 100

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8
Q

What percentage of world’s population at risk for malaria?

A

40%

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9
Q

Annual death toll for malaria is…

A

more than 1 million persons

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10
Q

Agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium parasite

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11
Q

Vector of malaria

A

Anopheles mosquito

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12
Q

Explain transmission of malaria.

A

Complex life cycle of mosquitos and human hosts with human liver and blood stages

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13
Q

Most deadly agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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14
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Spleen enlargement, flu-like fever, muscular fatigue, chills/sweating, dry cough

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15
Q

Estimated global economic cost of malaria

A

$12 billion

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16
Q

4 forms of mosquito control measures:

A
  1. Anti larval measures
  2. Anti adult measures
  3. Protection against mosquito bites
  4. Legislative control
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17
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Inherited disease of red blood cells that affects hemoglobin and interrupts blood flow by blocking small blood vessels

18
Q

Ways to treat sickle cell

A
  • Fluids
  • Antibiotics
19
Q

Hand Foot Syndrome - Dactylitis

A

Sickle cells cause painful swelling of hands and feet

20
Q

How do people develop sickle cell disease?

A

If they inherit two faulty copies of gene for hemoglobin, meaning they confer some resistance to malaria

21
Q

Agent of Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania parasite

22
Q

Vector of Leishmaniasis

A

Sandfly who transmits by biting host

23
Q

How many infected by leishmaniasis every year

A

700k to 1.2 million

24
Q

Leishmaniasis is endemic in how many countries?

A

82 tropical countries

25
Q

2 forms of leishmaniasis

A
  1. Cutaneous - causes one or more sores on skin, swollen glands near sores
  2. Visceral - causes fever, weight loss, spleen/liver enlargement, abnormal blood tests, low blood counts
26
Q

4 environmental factors associated with increase in leishmaniasis

A
  • Movement of human population into endemic areas
  • Increasing urbanization
  • Extension of agricultural projects into endemic areas
  • Climate change
27
Q

Agent of plague

A

Yersinia pestis

28
Q

Vector of plague

A

Flea which bites rodents who harbor it

29
Q

Treatment for plague

A

Antibiotics such as doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, oxygen, intravenous fluids, respiratory support

30
Q

Most common vector-borne disease in the United States

A

Lyme disease

31
Q

Agent of lyme disease

A

Bacteria

32
Q

Vector of lyme disease

A

Black-legged ticks

33
Q

Lyme disease symptoms

A

Characteristic skin rash which looks like a bull’s eye, fatigue, chills/fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes

34
Q

Treatment for lyme disease

A

Antibiotics

35
Q

Agent of RMSF

A

Bacteria

36
Q

Vector of RMSF

A

Tick

37
Q

RMSF case fatality rate among untreated patients

A

Up to 25%

38
Q

Treatment of RMSF

A

Early treatment with antibiotic doxycycline

39
Q

Symptoms of RMSF

A

Fever, rash, vomiting, etc.

40
Q

Lyme disease host

A

Deer

41
Q

A febrile disease

A

Disease resulting in fever

Environmental Science Honors (8 decks)

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