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IB BIOLOGY HL > A2.2 > Flashcards

A2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of life

A

Metabolism,
reproduction,
homeostasis,
movement,
growth,
response to stimuli,
excretion (removal of metabolic waste),
nutrition

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

Living organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
Cells come from pre-existing cell

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3
Q

Magnification

A

the ability to enlarge an object’s image

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4
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to differentiate two separate objects

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5
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Use lenses to bend light and magnify images by a factor of roughly 100-fold

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6
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Use electromagnets to focus electrons resulting in significantly _greater magnifications and resolutions__

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) pass electrons through specimen to generate a cross-section

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) scatter electrons over a surface to differentiate depth and map in 3D

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7
Q

Light Microscope advantages

A

Can observe living specimen
Cheap to use
Portable
Easy to used
Can observed colored specimen

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8
Q

light microscope disadvantages

A

Low Resolution
Only produced a two- dimensional image

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9
Q

electron microscope advantages

A

Can view finer details (Higher resolution)

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10
Q

electron disadvantages

A

Expensive
Difficult to prepare specimen
Not portable
May produce artifacts (structure that is not present in specimen) due to heavy metal staining
Cannot observed colored specimen. (The ‘color’ observed are ‘false-color scanning)

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11
Q

structures of prokaryotic cell

A

Capsule (Glycocalyx)
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Pili
Flagella
Nucleoid region
Plasmid
70S ribosome

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12
Q

capsule (glycocalyx)

A

Protect the cell from external environment

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13
Q

cell wall (prokaryotic)

A

Act as a structural support, made up of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

Control substances going in and out of the cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

Contain enzymes, site for metabolic reactions

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16
Q

pili

A

Responsible for exchange of plasmid between bacteria (horizontal gene transfer/sexual reproduction)

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17
Q

Flagella

A

Responsible for locomotion of the bacterium

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18
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Contain genetic material of the bacterium

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19
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular DNA in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

70S ribosome

A

Site for protein synthesis

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21
Q

Asexual Reproduction of Prokaryotes

A

binary fission

22
Q

binary fission

A

The circular DNA is replicated.

The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis), forming two cells.

The way of transferring gene is called _vertical gene transfer__

23
Q

Sexual Reproduction of Prokaryotes

A

Formation of Conjugation

24
Q

formation of conjugation

A

Pili of the donor will be connecting to the recipient.

Conjugation is formed between the donor and recipient.

Replication of the donor plasmid.
Plasmid is transferred to the recipient, and it comes a new donor

25
Q

structure Eukaryotic Cell – Animal Cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosome
Peroxisome
80S ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Centriole

26
Q

nucleus

A

Contain DNA, control cellular activity

27
Q

cytoplasm

A

Contain enzymes, site for metabolic reactions

28
Q

cell membrane

A

Control substances going in and out of the cell

29
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Site for protein synthesis (extracellular proteins)

30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Site for lipid synthesis

31
Q

mitochondria

A

Site for aerobic respiration, produces ATP

32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Site for modifying and repackaging protein

33
Q

Vesicles

A

Transport of substances, mainly protein

34
Q

Lysosome

A

Contain hydrolytic enzyme, breaking down pathogens or worn-out organelles

35
Q

Peroxisome

A

Responsible for breaking down of lipid

36
Q

80S ribosome

A

Site for protein synthesis (intracellular proteins)

37
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural support of the cell

38
Q

Centriole

A

Responsible for the formation of spindle fibers

39
Q

Atypical Eukaryotes

A

red blood cells
Fungal hyphae
Phloem sieve tube
Skeletal muscle

40
Q

red blood cells

A

Carries oxygen
Contains haemoglobin
biconcave shape
Do not have a nucleus

41
Q

fungal hyphae

A

Fungi may have filamentous structures called hyphae, which are separated into cells by internal walls called septa

Some fungi are not partitioned by septa and hence have a continuous cytoplasm along the length of the hyphae

Challenges the idea that living structures are composed of discrete cells

42
Q

Phloem sieve tube

A

In charge of translocation

Specialized cell for transportation of sucrose and amino acid in plant

End wall with pores and __ cellular components

Can only remain alive with the help of companion cell

43
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle cells fuse to form fibres made up of specialised protein that may be very long (>300mm)

Tubular cells with multiple nuclei despite being surrounded by a single, continuous plasma membrane

Allowing more coordinating protein molecules

44
Q

Prokaryotic Cell vs Eukaryotic Cell (1)

A

Nucleus absent
No membrane bounded organelles
Capsule present
Contain plasmid
Naked DNA (histone is the clothes, DNA without histone)
70S ribosome
Divide by binary fission

45
Q

Prokaryotic Cell vs Eukaryotic Cell (2)

A

Nucleus present
Contain membrane bounded organelles
Capsule absent
No plasmid
DNA associate with histone protein (chromosome)
80S ribosome
Divide by mitosis and meiosis

46
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory (theory only)

A

The _origin of eukaryotic cells__ can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory.

Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by anaerobic cell.

Chloroplasts are believed to be evolved from photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed by heterotrophic cell.

47
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory – Evidence

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is naked and circular

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes that are similar to prokaryotes (70S)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, and the inner membrane has proteins that are similar to prokaryotes

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are roughly the same size as bacteria and are susceptible to the antibiotic chloramphenicol

48
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

All the cells in our body contain the same DNA. (Except sex cell)

Based on the position of the cell, different cells will have different expression

Depending on where the cell is, only some genes in the cell are expressed.

The cell is said to be specialized or differentiate.

49
Q

Difference between cilia and microvilli

A

Cilia are motile
Microvilli are non-motile

Cilia involved in movement
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption

Cilia are found in the lumen of the respiratory tract (trachea) and the lumen uterine tube
Microvilli are found on the epithelial cells of the small intestine (villi) and kidney tubules

50
Q

Central vacuole / Large vacuole

A

Primarily store water but nutrients, salts, ions, minerals, proteins, pigments, etc. may also be found depending on the type of plant cell

The water inside the vacuole helps to maintain the turgor pressure (the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall) within the plant cell (increase the turgidity of the plant cell)

When water goes in and there are no ions inside the cell, it will go out of the cell through osmosis

IB BIOLOGY HL (18 decks)

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