Transport

Question 1

Single circulatory system

Answer 1

In one cycle of circulation the blood only goes though the heart ____once___.

Good thing – good circulation
Bad thing – as go through the heart once, cannot get the most amount of
oxygen. High blood pressure in blood vessels too.

Question 2

Double circulatory system

Answer 2

Double circulatory system: In one cycle of circulation the blood only goes though
the heart _____twice__.

§ Systemic circulation: blood transported between the heart and the _______rest of the body_____________.
§ Pulmonary circulation: blood transported between the heart and the ____lungs______.

Question 3

whats good about double circulation systems

Answer 3

In a double circulation we are separating the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, so you have one part that has 100% oxygen saturation.

Question 4

coronary artery

Answer 4

The __coronary artery___ is responsible for supplying oxygen and glucose for the heart tissue

Question 5

what if the coronary artery is blocked

Answer 5

If the coronary artery is blocked, there will be cardiovascular/coronary disease.

Question 6

The cardiac cycle

Answer 6

The heart muscles are described as ___myogenic_________: Does not require electrical stimulation from the __brain________to initiate contraction. (on the wall on right atrium, SAN initiates the contraction of the heart by generating the electrical impulse)
§ Each heartbeat is initiated by the _____Sino-atrial node_______________ (SAN).
§ However, the ____heart rate________ is affected by many factors, such as
___adrenaline_________ or message from the ______medulla______ via nervous system

Question 7

Atrial systole

Answer 7

1) Electrical impulse initiated by the ______Sino-atrial node________________ (SAN) [also known as the ___pacemaker_________]
2) The electrical impulse are sent through the wall of the atrium and cause ____atrial________ contraction.
3) The atrial contracts, so the volume of the atrium ___decreases_________ and ____increases________ the pressure.
4) Pressure in the atrium is _____higher than_______ the pressure in ventricle.
5) Blood is pumped into the ____ventricle________

Question 8

Ventricular systole

Answer 8

1) Electrical impulse pass from SA node to ________Atrio-ventricular node________________ (AVN).
2) The ____delay______ allows _____time_____ for blood to _____transport_______ from the atrium to the ventricles
3) AVN pass electrical impulse to _______Bundle of His___________, then spread through the ______Purkinje fibres_____________ in the ventricular wall
4) This cause ventricles contraction from __bottom to top_______
5) Volume of the ventricle then decreases and increases the pressure
6) Pressure in the ventricle is then higher than the pressure in the aorta and
pulmonary artery
7) Semi lunar valves are forced open, and blood are pumped out through the aorta and pulmonary artery
8) Pressure in the ventricle is higher than the pressure in atrium.
9) Atrio-ventricular valves are forced to close to prevent the backflow of blood

Question 9

Diastole

Answer 9

1) Ventricles are _____relaxed_____ to allow blood to _____enter_____ the atrium
2) Pressure in the ventricle is _____lower_____ than pressure in the aorta and
pulmonary artery
3) Semi-lunar valves are ____closed______ to present the backflow of blood
4) Pressure in the ventricle is ____lower______ than pressure in the atrium
5) _____Atrio-ventricular valves_______________ are open
6) The reason the atriole has that little increase in pressure is because it only
pumps blood to the ventricole, whereas the ventricole pumps blood around the
body hence requires a larger pressure difference.
7) Yellow is atriole system
8) Green is ventricole system
9) Purple is diastole
10) There is a small pressure increase when the semilunar valves close as when the
ventricole contracts quickly the blood is pumped into aorta suddenly, an elastic recoil forms as the aorta expands suddenly and contracts which increases the pressure

Question 10

Phonocardiogram PCG

Answer 10

§ A __stethoscope________ is used to detect heart ____sounds______ and these sounds generated by the beating heart can be recorded.
§ The cardiac muscle itself is silent and the sounds are made by the ____valves closing______.
§ The first sound ‘lub’ is due to the ____atrio-ventricular______ valves closing.
§ The second sound ‘dup’ is due to the ___semi-lunar_______ valves closing.
§ Murmurs (other sounds) indicate problems such as _____leaking
valves___________.

Question 11

Electrocardiogram ECG

Answer 11

§ The _____electrical signals___________ emitted by the heart is recorded.
§ There are characteristic waves of electrical activity marking each phase of the
cardiac cycle.
§ Changes to the size of the peaks and lengths of intervals in these ECG waves can
be used to help diagnose problems with the heart.
§ Consists of a P wave, a QRS wave and a T wave.
§ P wave: caused by atrial systole.
§ QRS wave: caused by ventricular systole.
§ T wave: occurs during the ventricular diastole.
§ If it does not look like that it is an indication of cardiovascular disease

Question 12

Measuring the heart rate

Answer 12

§ The heart rate can be measured easily using the _____radial pulse______ at the wrist or the ______carotid pulse_______ in the neck.
§ The rate is the number of ______beats per minute_______.
§ There is a ______positive correlation__________ between intensity of physical exercise and heart rate.
§ Blood carries heat away from the muscles as we carry respiration when doing
sports

Question 13

Artery

Answer 13

§ These blood vessels have ___________thick, elastic muscular____ ____________ wall to __withstand___________ high blood pressure and allow ________elastic recoil_______ , allowing a continuous flow of blood between each heart beats
§ It is used to transport blood ___away_____ from the heart.
§ Most of the artery carries _____oxygenated______ blood, except the
_____pulmonary artery__________.

Question 14

Vein

Answer 14

§ Has ___thinner_____ and more fibrous wall than arteries, the veins carry __low______ __pressure______ to the heart.
§ It has _valves_______ that prevent the backflow of the blood. It is the surrounding ____skeletal muscle____________ contraction that brought the blood back to the heart
§ Most of the veins carry _______deoxygenated blood_________ blood, except ____pulmonary vein____________.

Question 15

Capillary

Answer 15

§ Has only _____one cell thick _____wall that permeate the tissues of the body
§ Gaps between the endothelial cells are call ______fenestration_________
§ Allow the ____exchange_____of materials between the blood and the body’s
cells.

Question 16

Coronary Heart Disease (Cardiovascular Disease)

Answer 16

§ High cholesterol levels in the blood lead to the ___hardening________ and __narrowing_________ of arteries (____atherosclerosis______).
§ High levels of ___LDL___ in the bloodstream will form ____deposits_______ in the walls of the arteries.
§ The accumulation of fat within the arterial walls lead to the development of ____plaques_______ which restrict blood flow (____occlusion_______).
§ If coronary arteries become blocked, coronary heart disease (CHD) will result – this includes ____heart attacks_______ and ____strokes_______.
§ Stuck, find different ways to transport blood, lactic acid buildup, death

Question 17

Blood content

Answer 17

Erythrocytes (Red blood cell) – need to recognize
Leucocytes (White blood cell)
Platelets

Question 18

Erythrocytes (Red blood cell)

Answer 18

§ To carry oxygen

Question 19

Leucocytes (White blood cell)

Answer 19

§ For body’s immunity : phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 20

Platelets

Answer 20

§ To clot blood.
§ Prevent further entry of pathogen
§ Excessive of blood loss

Question 21

Plasma

Answer 21

§ A yellow fluid which carries blood cells and other substance such as nutrient, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat

Question 22

Tissue Fluid

Answer 22

§ A solution that bath all cells.
§ Substances do not move directly between the blood and the cell
§ They first diffuse into the tissue fluid (yellow shit) that surrounds all cells
§ Then diffuse from there to the cells.

Question 23

At the arterial end of the capillary bed

Answer 23

§ Blood is at ______high pressure__________
§ Blood plasma is ____forced out_______ through the permeable walls
§ Cells and proteins are ___too big________to leave, so they remain in the blood
§ Tissue fluid is formed by _____pressure filtration________, not diffusion.

Question 24

Tissue fluid surrounding the cells

Answer 24

§ Materials are ____exchanged_______ between the tissue fluid and the cells by all four methods of transport across a cell membrane:
§ Diffusion: gases and lipid-soluble substances; (things that are non polar, uncharged, small)
§ Osmosis: water; (high water potential to low water potential through semi permeable membrane)
§ Facilitated diffusion: ions; (charged)
§ Active transport: glucose and amino acids. (for maximum efficiency as we
need all the glucose we get)

Question 25

At the venous end of the capillary bed

Answer 25

§ Blood is at ____low pressure_______
§ Blood and tissue fluid are now at around the same pressure § Tissue fluid returns by the methods below
§ Solutes enter the blood by __diffusion_________
§ Water returns to the blood by ____osmosis_______.
Essentially, the aetrial end forces the water out of the capillary, creating a low water potential in the capillary. On the venous end, where the force of the heart draining the water out of the capillary is weak, water reutrns to the capillary as there is a delta water potential.

Question 26

Excess tissue fluid

Answer 26

§ Not all the fluid that left the blood returns to it
§ Excess tissue fluid will be drained into ____lymph vessels_______, which are
found in all capillary beds
§ Lymph vessels have ____thin walls_______ like capillaries, tissue fluid can easily
diffuse inside forming ___lymph________

Question 27

Lymphatic system

Answer 27

§ Consists of a network of _____lymph vessels___________ flowing alongside the veins
§ The vessels lead towards the heart, where the lymph ___drains back____________ into the blood system near the _____vena cava________.
§ There is _____no pump______, but there are numerous ___valves________, and lymph is helped along by contraction of ______skeletal muscles___________.

Question 28

Three functions of lymphatic system

Answer 28

1) It drains _______excess tissue fluid__________
2) It absorbs fats from the ____small intestine_______.
3) It is part of the _______immune system_________.
§ There are networks of lymph vessels at various places called _____lymph nodes_____
§ _______White blood cells__________ are developed in lymph nodes
§ They become _____swollen______ if more white blood cells are required
to fight an infection.

Question 29

Epidermis (Dicotyledonous stem)

Answer 29

Prevents water loss and provides protection from microorganisms

Question 30

Epidermis (Dicotyledonous Root)

Answer 30

Grows root hair to increase surface area for water uptake

Question 31

cortex

Answer 31

Unspecialized cell layer that stores food

Question 32

Xylem

Answer 32

Transport water and mineral ions from root

Question 33

Phloem

Answer 33

Transport sucrose and amnio acids from source to sink

Question 34

Vascular bundle

Answer 34

Contains xylem and phloem

Question 35

Xylem (detailed)

Answer 35

§ Xylem is responsible for transporting ___water______ & ___minerals______
§ The xylem vessels have ___no end plate___________ to allow a
______continuous transpiration pull_________________.
§ Xylem has thick cell walls, coated with a water impermeable substance called
___lignin (dead tissue, the spiral thing in the photo beneath)______.
§ The spiral lignified walls add ___strength______ to the xylem structure, to
withstand the _______root pressure___________.

Question 36

definition of transpiration

Answer 36

Definition: The evaporation of water via the stomata

Question 37

factors that cause water to move up the stem

Answer 37

root pressure__________ [difference in the water potential]

transpiration pull________(evaporated from spongy mesophyll)

§ Evaporation of water, decrease water potential, move up
§ Root pressure = osmosis of water pushes water upwards

Question 38

Cohesion

Answer 38

As the ______hydrogen bond_____________ between water
molecules is so strong, that when water is evaporated, it will pull the next water molecules towards it, resulting a ________continuous pull__________ of transpiration stream along xylem.

Question 39

Adhesion

Answer 39

Water weakly sticks onto the wall of xylem and created _____capillary
effect______________ and allow the water to be pulled upwards (must polar)

Question 40

how can rate of transpiration be measured

Answer 40

rate of transpiration can be measured by a potometer

Question 41

Phloem

Answer 41

§ Phloem is responsible for transporting _____sucrose______ & ____amino acid______
§ Phloem is made up of the following of live cells: _____companion cell_______ and ___sieve tubes_______.
§ Connections between companion cells and sieve tubes are called _____plasmodesmata___________.
§ As the cells are alive, it is possible for ________active transport_________ to take place for translocation of nutrient to occur.

Question 42

translocation

Answer 42

§ Definition : Transport of sucrose and amino acids from the source (leaves) to all parts of the sink. (such as fruits, seeds and roots)

§ Use of the word source as sucrose can come from roots- during summertimes leaves store their food in roots so when winter comes and photosynthesis fails they can get food from the roots
§ This is an active process that requires energy.

Question 43

explain translocation

Answer 43

1) Companion cell will pump sucrose out to the sieve plate in the phloem
2) This will decrease the water potential in the phloem. Thus water from the xylem
will enters phloem via osmosis.
3) This will increase the HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE in the phloem. This created a
mass flow and solutes are forced into the sink.
4) At the sink, sucrose and amino acid will be actively pumped in. Sucrose will be
converted into insoluble starch. This increase the water potential and water will leave the phloem and return to xylem.