Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

motile species

A

Motile: Organism that have adaptations allowing movement within their habitat. E.g. Brown-throated three-toed sloth

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2
Q

sessile species

A

Sessile: Organisms cannot move from place to place but are still able to alter their body form in response to environmental stimuli. E.g. Venus flytrap

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3
Q

3 types of major muscles in the body

A

Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles
Skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscle is attached to ___bone_____ and causes ____movement____ of animal bodies. It consists of large ____multinucleated__________ cells called muscle fibers.There are also ____mitochondria__________ between the myofibrils.

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5
Q

level of organisation

A

muscle fibres –> myrofibrils –> microfilaments –> sarcomere

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6
Q

what is around myofibrils

A

Around the myofibrils is a specialized type of endoplasmic reticulum – the _______sarcoplasmic reticulum_______________.

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7
Q

do skeletal muscles require electrical impulses from the brain

A

Skeletal muscles are _______voluntary muscles_______________ that requires electrical impulse from the brain.
Electrical impulse are sent from the brain through the ______motor neuron________________ to the ______neuromuscular junction________________.

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8
Q

what is a motor unit

A

Each motor neuron has a set number of muscle fibers that it controls called a ______motor unit ________________.

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9
Q

what happens during contraction of striated muscle

A

Contraction of striated muscle makes the light bands ___narrower_________ and the sarcomeres ___shorter_________.

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10
Q

what is sarcomere

A

A ____sacromere________ is a subunit of a myofibril.
Between two ____Z lines________ is one unit of sarcomere.
Light bands are represented by _______thin actin filaments_______________ only, which are attached to either end of the Z lines.
Dark band represent the region containing _______thick myosin filament_______________, which contains heads that form ____cross-bridges__________________ by binding to the actin.

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11
Q

Muscle Contraction – Control

A

1) Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ____calcium_______ ions.
2) Calcium ions binds to ____troponin_______
3) Troponin ____changes shape_______, pulling the ______tropomyosin_____ away from the ______actin-myosin binding site________________ which exposes it.
4) The myosin head then binds to the actin forming the ____actin-myosin cross-bridge__________________

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12
Q

Muscle Contraction - Cross-bridge cycle

A

1) myosin heads are activated by splitting ATP. This causes a change in the position of the heads

2) Myosin heads are attracted to and attach to exposed binding sites of actin to form cross-bridges. Inorganic phosphate is released

3) As myosin forms cross-bridge ADP is released and the myosin bends due to loss of energy. The bending is towards the centre of the sarcomere and the actin is moved inwards

4) Myosin binds to ATP and this allows detachment of the myosin heads from the actin attachment sites

The contraction cycle continues if ATP is available and Ca2+ levels in the sarcoplasm are high

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13
Q

Myosin Detachment

A

ATP is needed to ___break off___________ the actin-myosin cross-bridge.
Corpses body is stiffed in a state called _____rigor mortis_________, because they don’t ___respire_______ to produce energy to unlock the actin-myosin bridge.
After rigor mortis, body muscle start to break down due to ____decay process________.

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14
Q

Muscles relaxation

A

Muscles usually relaxed by the contraction of the _______antagonistic muscle_________________
A protein ____titin___ also helps with relaxation.
Titin is a protein with____multiple folds____________ allow it to act as a __spring_____.
When sarcomere shorten during contraction, Z-lines moved towards the center and creates a _____spring-like tension________________ in titin.
The tension is __released_____ during relaxation and allow sarcomere to contract again.
Titin also holds __myosin_____ fibers in place and prevents ___overstretching___________.

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15
Q

Role of skeletons

A

Animals have ____ internal_______ skeletons made up of ____bones_______
Arthropods have _____external______ skeletons made up of ___chitin________
Multiple bones and segments of skeletons act as ___levers________
Levers ________maximize the force______________exerted by a muscles and changes the ___direction________ of the movement.
Fixed point that allows the bone to rotate is known as ______fulcrum_____, e.g. joint.

During a movement:
One bone act as an immovable anchor (_____origin______)
The other bone moves as a result of the muscle contraction (___insertion________)

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16
Q

Synovial joints – Ball and socket joint

A

Allows a rotation of 360°.

17
Q

Synovial joints – Hinge joint

A

Allows a plane movement of 180°.

18
Q

Cartilage

A

A smooth connective tissue that covers _______the ends of the bones___________ to reduce friction.

19
Q

Synovial fluid

A

_____Lubricate_______ the joint to reduce friction

20
Q

Tendons

A

Nonelastic tissue, attaches _____muscles_____ to bones

21
Q

Ligaments

A

Sightly elastic tissue, attaches ___bones_______ to bones, shock absorption

22
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

Antagonistic muscles: a pair of muscles that _____work oppositely_____________ to bring out movement.
Flexor muscles: Contract when the joints are moving to a _____smaller angle__________
Extensor muscle: Contract when the joints are moving to a _____larger angle__________
Example 1: Biceps and Triceps (Biceps are flexor, whereas triceps are extensor.)
Example 2: Internal (flexor muscle) and External (extensor muscle) intercostal muscles
Radius connects to thumb

23
Q

need for locomotion

A

foraging for food
escape danger
searching for mate
migration
dispersal

24
Q

foraging for food

A

honey bees

flying from flower to flower to collect nectar and pollen

25
Q

escape danger

A

flying fish

escaping predators by swimming fast and extending their very long pectoral fins to glide over the water

26
Q

searching for mate

A

loggerhead sea turtle

both males and females swim back to the beach where they were hatched to mate and lay eggs

27
Q

migration

A

artic tern

migrating from their artic breeding grounds to the Antarctic region and back each year, to take advantage of available food

28
Q

dispersal

A

hoary bat

north American population have established permanent colonies on the Hawaiian Islands

29
Q

swimming adaptations

A

Streamlined body
No body hair
Tail formed a fluke
Lost of rear legs
From limbs formed flippers
Airway called blowhole on the surface of the head
Seal blowhole between breaths
Retain mammalian characteristics

30
Q

Streamlined body

A

Reduce friction and allow animal to move through the viscous water with greater speed

31
Q

No body hair

A

Reduce friction

32
Q

Tail formed a fluke

A

Allows an up-and down motion for propulsion

33
Q

Lost of rear legs

A

Movement provided by the fluke

34
Q

From limbs formed flippers

A

Used for steering

35
Q

Airway called blowhole on the surface of the head

A

Minimize the body leaving the water during ventilation

36
Q

Seal blowhole between breaths

A

Water cannot enter the airway

37
Q

Retain mammalian characteristics

A

Endothermic, Producing milk, double circulatory system