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biology - module 5 & 6 > chapter 17 - photosynthesis > Flashcards

chapter 17 - photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between an organic compound and a inorganic compound?

A
  • organic compound is a compound which contains carbon(co2,lipids)
  • inorganic compound is a compound which does not contain a carbon (phosphate)
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2
Q

what is a redox reaction ?

A
  • oxidation is loss of electrons or H
  • reduction is gain of electrons or H
  • THINK: OILRIG
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3
Q

what are coenzymes?

A
  • non protein molecules that help enzymes work by transferring other molecules around
  • (NAD - NADH)
  • (NADP - NADPH)
  • (FAD - FADH)
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4
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A
  • its the addition of a phosphate group(e.g. ADP + Pi = ATP)
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5
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A
  • using light energy to add a phosphate
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6
Q

what is photolysis?

A
  • using light energy to split a molecule (e.g.H20 + light ->2H +2e + 1/2 O2 )
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7
Q

what is an electron transport chain?

A
  • when electrons flow through electron carriers(proteins) in a membrane
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8
Q

what is a proton?

A

a hydrogen ion

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the light dependant reaction and where does it take place?

A
  • it uses light energy to make ATP and reduced NADP
  • takes place on the thylakoid membrane(large SA)
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10
Q

what is the purpose of the light independent reaction and where does it take place?

A
  • it uses the products of the light dependant stage to make useful organic compounds
  • takes place in the stroma
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11
Q

what is the role of the chloroplast?

A
  • absorbs light energy which is used for photosynthesis to make useful organic compounds
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12
Q

what is purpose of the thylakoid?

A
  • has a large surface area, increasing the rate of photosynthesis
  • contains photosynthetic pigments which absorb light energy (e.g. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and keratin )
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13
Q

what does the chloroplast structure consist of?

A
  • thylakoid
  • grana
  • lamealle
  • stroma
  • chloroplast DNA
  • starch grain
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14
Q

what are the two parts photosystems are made up of and what are the roles of these systems?

A
  • light harvesting system, contains accessory pigments (e.g. chlorophyll b) so plants can absorb a greater range in light wavelength
  • reaction centre, contains primary pigments (e.g. chlorophyll a)
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15
Q

what is happening in the light harvesting system?

A
  • light energy is absorbed by the accessory pigments
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16
Q

What is happening in the reaction centre?

A
  • more light energy is being absorbed by the primary pigments
  • this energy is being used to excite electrons
17
Q

What happens in the light dependant reaction(photophosphorylation )?

A
  • photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy
  • This excites the electrons which leave the chlorophyll
  • electron moves along the electron transport chain
  • electron releases energy
  • this energy is used to join ADP + Pi = ATP
  • NADP is reduced to form NADPH
  • The NADP gain the hydrogen from the photolysis of water which makes H, E and O
18
Q

What happens in cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy in PS1
  • This excites the electrons to a higher energy Level
  • electrons flow through the electron transport chain losing its energy
  • energy is used to create a proton gradient
  • H ions flow back to the stroma through ATP synthase
  • This provides the energy for ADP + pi = ATP
19
Q

what are some differences and similarities between cyclic and non - cyclic photophosphorylation?

A
  • cyclic uses only PS1 whereas non-cyclic uses PS1 and PS2
  • cyclic produces only ATP whereas non-cyclic produces ATP and NADPH
  • oxygen is released from the photolysis of water in non-cyclic whereas in cyclic oxygen is not
  • in cyclic the electrons are recycled whereas in non-cyclic the electrons are replaced by the photolysis of water
  • both cyclic and non - cyclic use the electron transport chain
20
Q

what is the chemiosmotic theory?

A
  • electrons lose energy along the electron transport chain
  • this energy is used to pump protons(H) across the membrane
  • This creates a proton gradient
  • Protons diffuse through ATP synthase = chemiosmosis
  • this provides energy for ADP + Pi = ATP
21
Q

what is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • it uses the products of the LDR (ATP and NADPH) to convert Co2 into useful organic compounds (E.g. lips, amino acids and glucose)
22
Q

what is the process of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • Co2 combines with Rubp catalysed by the enzymes rubisco
  • which makes two molecules of GP
  • Both are reduced to form two molecules of TP using NADPH and ATP
  • Most TP is regenerated to form Rubp using energy from ATP
  • Some of the TP is converted into useful organic compounds (E.G. lipids, amino acids and glucose)
23
Q

what are the three limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity
  • CO2 concentration
  • Temperature
24
Q

How does light intensity, CO2 conc and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • light intensity, the higher it is the more energy there is for LDR so the faster the rate of photosynthesis
  • the higher the CO2 conc the greater the rate of photosynthesis is. However, past its optimum(0.4%) it has a negative effect on the rate
  • photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes so if you increase the temperature, you will increase the rate of reaction to the optimum temperature. However, beyond the optimum temp the rate decreases
  • the plant can also close its stomata due to higher temps meaning lower CO2 levels therefore Calvin cycle falls lowering the rate of photosynthesis
25
Q

understanding how the limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis, what should a farmer do in order to boost the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • using light at night
  • greenhouse allows light to pass in
  • burn fossil fuels in a greenhouse which will increase the CO2 conc
  • greenhouse will trap warmer air
  • heating/cooling system to maintain optimum temperature
26
Q

What is the importance of photosynthetic pigments in photosynthesis?

A
  • pigments absorb light
  • electrons are raised to a higher energy level
  • accessory pigments pass energy to primary pigments
  • primary pigments pass electrons to the electron transport chain
27
Q

why do Chromista need pigments that are different from those of other photosynthetic organisms?

A
  • they have to absorb light of shorter wavelengths
  • chromista have fewer thylakoid membranes
  • chromista has no lamellae
  • chromista has no stratch grains
28
Q

where are the photosynthetic pigments located in the chloroplast?

A
  • photosystems in the thylakoid membrane

biology - module 5 & 6 (12 decks)

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