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biology - module 5 & 6 > chapter 14 - hormonal communication > Flashcards

chapter 14 - hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the adernal gland?

A
  • Its an endocrine gland that secretes hormones
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2
Q

Where is the adernal gland found and what is it made up of?

A
  • its found above the kidney
  • its made of the cortex and medulla
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3
Q

What is the role of the cortex in the Adernal gland?

A
  • its secretes steroid hormones which are stress hormones (cortisol and aldosterone)
  • The release of these hormones causes -
  • This promotes gluconeogenesis(making glucose from non carbs) for respiration
  • it also causes the kidney to reabsorb more Na and H20 increasing blood volume and pressure
  • supresses the immune system
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4
Q

What are hormones are released by the cortex in the Adernal gland?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
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5
Q

What is the role of the medulla in the Adernal gland?

A
  • secretes hormones(adrenaline and noradrenaline) which increases heart rate and breathing rate
  • promote glycogenolysis for respiration
  • Divert blood to muscles and brain
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6
Q

What is the pancreas and its role?

A
  • its an endocrine gland and it releases hormones
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7
Q

Where is the pancreas found and what does it contain?

A
  • its found below the stomach
  • it contains the islets of Langerhans, which contain alpha and beta cells
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8
Q

What hormones do alpha and beta cells produce?

A
  • alpha cells produce glucagon
  • beta cells produce insulin
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9
Q

What is meant by a fight or flight response?

A
  • its a response to a threatening stimulus coordinated by the nervous and endocrine system
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10
Q

How does the body coordinate a flight or fight response?

A
  • its coordinated by the autonomic NS
  • sympathetic NS releases noradrenaline (neurotransmitter) at neuromuscular junctions
  • Adrenaline is secreted into blood by adernal glands
  • the adrenaline then binds to specfic receptors on target tissue
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11
Q

What is the affect of noradrenaline and adrenaline being released?

What is the purpose of these affects?

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased breathing rate
  • increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
  • liver converts glycogen to glucose
  • it increases respiration, more ATP for skeletal muscle
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12
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in blood glucose levels?

A
  • receptors in the pancreas detect an increase in blood glucose
  • Beta cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete insulin
  • insulin binds to receptors in liver and muscle cells which increases their permeability to glucose
  • As a result, more glucose in reabsorbed by facillitated diffusion
  • As a result, glycogenesis
  • As a result, increases the rate of respiration
  • this is an example of negative feedback
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13
Q

How does the body respond to a fall in blood glucose levels?

A
  • receptors in the pancreas detect low level of glucose in the blood
  • alpha cells in the islet of langerhans secrete glucagon
  • Glucagon bins the receptors on liver cells
  • As a result, Gluconeogenesis
  • As a result, glucogenolysis
  • As a result, decrease in respiration
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14
Q

At normal blood glucose levels, what is occuring in a beta cell with regards to charge and ion channels?

A
  • k ion channel is open and and k diffused in beta cell
  • inside of beta cell is relatively negative (-70)
  • calcium ion channel is closed
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15
Q

At high blood glucose levels, what is occuring in a beta cell?

A
  • As blood glucose levels rise, more glucose enters by facillitated diffusion
  • Glucose is respired to form ATP
  • ATP blocks the K ion channel
  • this causes the membrane to depolarise
  • which causes the calcium ion channel to open and calcium diffuse into beta cells
  • As a result, the vesicles containing insulin are released by exocytosis
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16
Q

What is glycogeneisis?

What is gluconeogenesis?

What is glycogenolysis?

A
  • Producing glycogen from glucose (promoted by insulin)
  • producing glucose from non carbs (promoted by glucagon)
  • breaking down glycogen into glucose (promoted by glucagon and adrenaline)
17
Q

what is the mechanism of adrenaline in terms of its role in blood glucose regultion

A
  • it activates glycogenolysis and secreation of glucagon
  • it inhibits glycogenesis and the secreation of insulin
18
Q

what is diabetes?
what is the difference between hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia?

A
  • diabetes is an illness where blood glucose levels are not controlled
  • hyperglycaemia is high blood glucose concentration
  • hypoglycaemia is dangerously high low blood glucose concentration
19
Q

What are the causes of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A
  • type 1, immune system kills beta cells so cant make insulin
  • type 2, obesity, lack of exercise and poor diet lead to beta cells not making enough insulin and liver and muscle cells stop responding to insulin
20
Q

What age category would you see type 1 and 2 diabetes in?

A
  • type 1, children and young adults
  • type 2, adults and elderly
21
Q

What are the treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes ?

A
  • type 1, insulin injections (however too much insulin can lead to hyperglycaemia), avoid simple carbs, eat at regular intervals, regular exercise to use up glucose
  • type 2, eat healthy, lose weight, regular exercise, use of drugs
22
Q

What are the treatment choices for diabetes?

A
  • genetically modified bacteria
  • use of stem cells
23
Q

What are the advantages of using genetically modified bacteria to treat diabetes?

A
  • it makes human insulin so there are fewer immune reactions
  • insulin produced has no contamination
  • made in large quantities
  • faster and cheaper
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetically modified bacteria to treat diabetes?

A
  • it uses genetically modified bacteria so some people have religious and ethical issues surrounding this
25
Q

How are stem cells used to treat diabetes?

A
  • inject stem cells into the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans
  • uses totipotent embryonic stem cells
  • which differentiate into functional beta cells which produce and secrete insulin
26
Q

What are the advantages of using stem cells to treat diabetes?

A
  • patients don’t need to inject insulin
  • treatment lasts lifetime
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of using stem cells to treat diabetes?

A
  • requires the use of embryonic stem cells so there are some religious and ethical objections
  • stem cells may develop into other types of cells and cause harm (tumour and cancers)

biology - module 5 & 6 (12 decks)

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