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biology - module 5 & 6 > chapter 15 - homeostasis(liver and kidney) > Flashcards

chapter 15 - homeostasis(liver and kidney) Flashcards

1
Q

What is excretion?

A
  • The removal of waste products from the body e.g. Urea and CO2
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2
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Excretion
  • Detoxification(breaking down harmful substances into less harmful ones)
  • glycogenesis(storing excess glucose as glycogen)
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3
Q

Name the structure of the liver

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic vein
  • gall bladder
  • bile
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4
Q

What is the role of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein?

A
  • hepatic artery, carries oxygenated blood for respiration
  • hepatic portal vein, blood carrying a high concentration of digested food
  • hepatic vein, carries deoxygenated blood away from the liver
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5
Q

what is the role of the gall bladder and bile?

A
  • gall bladder, stores bile
  • bile, emulsifies fats
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6
Q

What does a liver lobule consist of?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic portal vein
  • sinusoid
  • bile duct
  • kupffer cells
  • hepatocytes
  • central vein
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7
Q

What are the roles of the kupffer cells and hepatocytes?

A
  • kupffer cells, are resident macrophages that break down bacteria
  • hepatocytes, detoxification(breaking down toxic substances)
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8
Q

What occurs at the sinusoid?

A
  • the blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein mix flowing towards the central vein
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9
Q

What is deamination?

A
  • its the removal of the amine group from an amino acid
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10
Q

What happens to the amine group after deamination?

A
  • the amine group is converted into ammonia which enter the ornithine cycle
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the ornithine cycle?

A
  • To convert ammonia into urea so it can be excreted
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12
Q

What happens in the ornithine cycle?

A
  • Ammonia combines with CO2 and ornithine to produce citruline
  • citruline leaves the mitochondria and is the converted into arginine
  • Arginine combines with water to produce ornithine whilst releasing urea
  • A high concentration of urea decreases the water potential of the blood as result increasing water reabsorption by the kidneys
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13
Q

Where does deamination occur?

A
  • it occurs in the mitochondria of the liver cells
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14
Q

what is the process of ultrafiltration?

A
  • High hydrostatic pressure is created as the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole
  • small molecules are forced into the Bowmans capsule to form the filtrate(glucose, H20, amino acids, urea and ions)
  • large molecules don’t fit through the gaps(RBC and proteins)
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15
Q

What layers of protection ensures that no large molecules enter the Bowmans capsule?

A
  • Gaps in the capillary walls
  • Gaps in the basement membrane
  • Gaps in the podocytes
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16
Q

what is selective reabsorption?

A
  • its where useful products are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the nephron
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17
Q

What structural feature does the PCT have which ensures reabsorption?

A
  • it has microvilli which increases the surface area for reabsorption
18
Q

what processes do the molecules of the filtrate undergo during selective reabsorption?

A
  • Glucose, amino acids and NA - active transport
  • Water - osmosis
  • Cl - diffusion
19
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A
  • Bowmans capsule
  • PCT
  • Loop of henle
  • DCT
  • Collecting duct
20
Q

Where region is the medulla and cortex in the kidneys?

A
  • medulla, the inner region
  • cortex, the outer region
21
Q

What is the role of the DCT?

A
  • balancing the H20 and salt needs of the body
  • osmoregulation
22
Q

what happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A
  • permeable to water
  • Water moves out by osmosis meaning the salt concentration inside the loop increases
  • water is absorbed into the capillaries
  • hypertonic point is reached
23
Q

What happens in ascending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • Na and Cl pumped out by active transport
  • which decreases the water potential of the medulla
  • making the loop impermeable to water (water can’t leave by osmosis)
  • isotonic point is reached
24
Q

Dessert animals have longer loop of Henles, what does this mean?

A
  • more water is reabsorbed
  • more concentrated urine
25
Q

What effect does ADH have on the collecting duct?

A
  • it changes it permeability to water
26
Q

What is the process of osmoregulation when someone is dehydrated?

A
  • blood has a low water potential
  • detected by the hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland secretes ADH
  • ADH carried in the bloodstream
  • ADH binds to specific receptor proteins on the collecting duct
  • increasing the permeability to water
  • Water moves out of the collecting duct by osmosis
27
Q

What are the causes of kidney failure and what is used to measure kidney failure?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • kidney infection
  • glomerular filtration rate(GFR) is used to measure kidney failure
28
Q

What is an implication caused by the kidney not being able to filtrate?

A
  • blood will have increased urea and ions which can be fatal
29
Q

What is an implication caused by the kidney not being able to reabsorb?

A
  • the blood will have decreased urea, H20, ions
30
Q

What treatments are there for kidney failure?

A
  • renal dialysis
  • kidney transplant
31
Q

How are patients treated using renal dialysis?

A
  • patients blood passed through a partially permeable membrane (surrounded by dialysis fluid)
  • urea and waste products diffuse out
  • glucose, water and ions return to normal concentration
32
Q

What are the disadvantages to renal dialysis?

A
  • its expensive
  • patients fell unwell
  • inconvenient
  • time consuming (2,3 times per week)
33
Q

What are the conditions required for kidney transplant and what are the implications caused if this condition isn’t met?
What can be done to help such implications?

A
  • Donor must have the same blood type as the recipient
  • if its not the same then the immune system will reject it
  • immune suppressant drugs can be provided to control this
34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantage of kidney transplant?

A
  • more convient for patient
  • full recovery sometimes
  • cheaper in the long term
  • better quality of life
  • disadvantage, there is a long queue to find a donor
35
Q

Explain the process of how pregnancy test sticks can show results

A
  • if HCG is present, HCG attaches to mobile complementary antibodies to form HCG antibody complex
  • it then moves along the test stick and attaches to the immobolised monoclonal antibodies
  • a maker becomes visible if the HCG is present
  • the urine continues until it reaches the second window
  • here there are immobilised monoclonal antibodies that bind to the mobile antibodies regardless if HCG is bound to it
  • A line will appear here indicating the test worked
36
Q

What can be tested for in excretory products?

A
  • pregnancy
  • steroids
  • drugs
37
Q

In renal dialysis, why is it important there is a counter-current flow?

A
  • it maintains a high concentration gradient
  • ensures the maximum removal of waste products
38
Q

In renal dialysis, why is the addition of Anti - coagulant to the blood important?

A
  • it ensures the blood flows smoothly
39
Q

What are the differences and similarities between the PCT and DCT?

A
  • both use active transport
  • both involve co-transport proteins
  • both involve selective reabsorption
  • PCT moves glucose
  • DCT moves ions only
  • DCT involves the use of Calcium ions
40
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the tissue fluid formation and ultrafiltration?

A
  • both processes involve a basement membrane
  • both processes involve high hydrostatic pressure
  • both processes have a hydrostatic pressure which is greater than the oncotic pressure
  • both processes large molecules can’t be filtered and so remain in the blood
  • many molecules are reabsorbed back into the capillaries
  • ultrafiltration, has 3 layers of filtering the blood(podocytes, basement membrane and capillary walls) whereas tissue fluid formation only has the basement membrane
  • knot of capillaries in ultrafiltration, network of capillaries in tissue fluid formation

biology - module 5 & 6 (12 decks)

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