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Health & Human Development U3/4 > Chapter 1: Understanding Health and Wellbeing > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Understanding Health and Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A
  • A state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing; it is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
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2
Q

Wellbeing

A
  • A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
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3
Q

Dynamic health and wellbeing

A
  • Health and wellbeing is constantly changing
  • Some changes are predictable and some are unpredictable based on circumstances experienced in everyday life
  • E.g. A person with the flu has poor health and wellbeing, however, rest and medication enables them to return to a better state of health and wellbeing
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4
Q

Subjective health and wellbeing

A
  • Health and wellbeing is influenced or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions
  • It is also influenced by our environment (e.g. media impacting our personal view on health and wellbeing)
  • E.g. The elderly may view HWB as the ability to carry out tasks independently, whereas youth may view it as being fit and social
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5
Q

Disease

A
  • A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage
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6
Q

Illness

A
  • A self-perceived negative state of health and wellbeing, in which an individual believes that they are experiencing something which makes them unwell
  • Relates to the negative aspects of HWB
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7
Q

Physical health and wellbeing

A
  • Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems including the physical capacity to perform daily tasks and activities
  • Factors that influence optimal physical HWB include:
    • Regular exercise
    • A strong immune system, contributing to minimal illness
    • A balanced diet in which nutritional needs are met
    • An appropriate amount and quality of sleep
    • The maintenance of a healthy body weight
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8
Q

Social health and wellbeing

A
  • Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and adapting appropriately to different social situations
  • Factors that influence optimal social HWB include:
    • Having a strong support network provided by friends, family, and the wider community
    • Overcoming conflict in relationships
    • Having strong communication skills
    • Having empathy for others
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9
Q

Emotional health and wellbeing

A
  • Relates to the ability to recognise, understand, manage and express feelings in a positive way
  • Factors that influence optimal emotional HWB include:
    • The ability to display resilience
    • Feeling emotionally secure and relaxed
    • Having effective coping techniques to deal with emotions
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10
Q

Mental health and wellbeing

A
  • Relates to the state of a person’s mind and their ability to think and process information
  • Factors that influence optimal mental HWB include:
    • Using logic and making decisions
    • Forming opinions independent of others
    • Low levels of stress and anxiety
    • High self-esteem, confidence and optimism
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11
Q

Spiritual health and wellbeing

A
  • Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics in the mind and conscience of people
  • Factors that influence optimal social HWB include:
    • A sense of hope about the future
    • A sense of meaning which guides an individual through their life
    • Believing in a higher power
    • Having a sound moral compass
    • Living with a set of values and ethics
    • Feeling a sense of belonging and purpose in life
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12
Q

Values

A
  • Relate to what an individual feels is important in life
  • E.g. Education, fitness and friendship
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13
Q

Beliefs

A
  • Relate to what an individual feels to be true or right, even if the belief is not proven
  • E.g. There is life after death
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14
Q

Interrelationship between dimensions of HWB

A
  • The dimensions of health and wellbeing overlap and influence each other in many ways
  • Overall health and wellbeing is determined by the combined levels of HWB in all five dimensions
  • Change in one dimension results in change to one or more dimension(s)
  • Dimensions of health do not work independently
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15
Q

Example of the interrelationship between dimensions of HWB

A
  • Emma broke her leg playing netball which has decreased her physical HWB due to her inability to exercise
  • She was unable to attend school for two weeks which may lead to her feeling isolated from her friends and teammates, therefore decreasing her social HWB
  • This may lead to feelings of loneliness, decreasing her emotional HWB
  • She may also lose sleep over these feelings causing a decrease in energy levels which may further reduce her physical HWB

NOTE: When talking about the interrelationship between two or more dimensions you need to include: the direction (whether it’s positive or negative), specific examples and connecting words (i.e. this leads to/ therefore). Response must be linked to the context in the question.

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16
Q

Individual importance of HWB as a resource

A
  • With optimal HWB, individuals are able to work productively which promotes positive self-image (mental)
  • Reduces the risk of illness and chronic conditions such as heart disease, increasing life-expectancy (physical)
  • Allows individuals to maintain healthy relationships and meaningfully engage with the wider community (social)
  • Enables people to work toward their goals, giving them a sense of purpose in life (spiritual)
  • Reduced healthcare costs can help individuals feel emotionally secure and relaxed (emotional)
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17
Q

National importance of HWB as a resource

A
  • Optimal HWB can benefit a country/nation both economically and productively
  • Promotes the development of a productive workforce, increasing national income
  • Reduces absences and stress in the workplace
  • Reduces the burden on the healthcare system, allowing for taxation money to be spent elsewhere on education and infrastructure
18
Q

Global importance of HWB as a resource

A
  • Optimal HWB improves global trade and economic development
  • Promotes peace and sustainability
  • Promotes global health by preventing the transmission of infectious disease
  • Reduces malnutrition and preventable disease in low-income countries
  • Increases people’s ability to engage freely in economic pursuits worldwide, thereby increasing global economic activity and productivity
19
Q

Prerequisites for health

A
  • Income, Peace, sustainable Resources, Education, Shelter, Social justice, Food, stable Ecosystem and Equity
  • Determined by WHO as essential for individuals to achieve optimal health and wellbeing
  • Have significant impacts on global health outcomes

TIP: I-PRESS FEE.

20
Q

Peace as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Peace is a state of harmony that involves freedom from civil disturbance and conflict
  • War and violence may cause injury = physical
  • Fear and anxiety due to violence = mental
  • In times of peace, infrastructure is more likely to be maintained allowing people to travel to their friends and family = social
  • Peaceful communities enable individuals to safely visit their places of worship = spiritual
21
Q

Shelter as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Shelter is a structure that provides protection from the external environment
  • Promotes feelings of privacy, safety and security which reduces stress and anxiety = mental
  • Provides resources such as sanitation and heating = physical
  • Provides a place for people to gather and form relationships = social
22
Q

Education as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Education is the process of gaining knowledge and building skills, typically in environments such as school and university
  • Increases the ability for people to work in productive environments and earn an income, giving them a sense of purpose = spiritual HWB
  • Improves social skills which can improve relationships = social HWB
  • Increases understanding of concepts such as nutrition = physical HWB
23
Q

Food as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Food is a fundamental human right whereby people obtain adequate nutrition
  • Catching up with friends and family over a meal strengthens social networks = social
  • Food insecurity can cause stress and anxiety regarding when your next meal will be = emotional
  • Builds strong immune systems to reduce the risk of disease = physical
  • Food is central to many cultural celebration, strengthening certain beliefs = spiritual
24
Q

Income as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Income refers to money received through work, investments or social security
  • Increases tax revenue, allowing governments to improve education, healthcare, transport and infrastructure
  • Allows individuals to access nutritious food = physical
  • Earning a living and providing for family provides a sense of purpose = spiritual
  • Being employed and earning an income increases confidence and optimism = mental
25
Q

A stable ecosystem as a prerequisite for health

A
  • A stable ecosystem is achieved when there is a balance between living and non-living components of an ecosystem
  • Provides spaces for leisure (e.g. hiking trails), promoting a relaxed state of mind = emotional
  • Improves access to clean water, which can reduce waterborne disease and child mortality rates = physical
26
Q

Sustainable resources as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Sustainability involves meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the resources of future generations
  • Sustainable farming enables ongoing access to nutritious foods and prevents food crises = physical
  • Sustainable farming practices helps provide stable employment which can promote a sense of purpose = spiritual
27
Q

Social justice as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Involves everyone having equal opportunities, freedom from discrimination and fundamental human rights
  • Reduces stress and anxiety about discrimination = mental
  • Reduces morbidity from physical injury via violent discrimination = physical
28
Q

Equity as a prerequisite for health

A
  • Refers to being fair and just, which includes catering for different people’s needs
  • Tailored support for disadvantaged groups can promote emotional security = emotional
  • Promotes feelings of belonging and connection to community as people feel accepted and valued = spiritual
  • Promotes employment and education opportunities, increasing opportunities to form relationships = social

NOTE: Equality ≠ equity. Equity is about responding to people’s various needs, which could involve providing more support to those that need it. E.g. Low-income earners in Australia do not have to pay certain taxes imposed on the rest of the population.

29
Q

Prevalence

A
  • The number of cases of a particular disease or condition in the population at a given point in time
30
Q

Incidence

A
  • The number of new cases of a particular disease or condition that arise in the population in a certain period of time
31
Q

Distinguish between morbidity and mortality

A
  • Morbidity – ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a given population
  • Mortality – number of deaths in a population
32
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A
  • The number of deaths of women during pregnancy, childbirth or within the six weeks after childbirth
  • Measure per 100,000 women who give birth
33
Q

Infant mortality rate

A
  • The number of deaths among children aged under one year in a given period
  • Measured per 1000 live births
34
Q

Under 5 mortality rate

A
  • The number of deaths of children under five years of age
  • Measured per 1000 live births
35
Q

Burden of disease

A
  • Measurement of the impact of disease and injuries
  • Specifically measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age, free of disease and disability
  • Measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
  • Developed to make international comparisons of health
36
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)

A
  • A measure of burden of disease in which one DALY equals one healthy year of life lost due to premature death (YLL), disability or disease (YLD)

NOTE: When answering questions, you must say “X years of HEALTHY life lost.”

37
Q

Distinguish between years of life lost (YLL) and years of life lost to disability (YLD)

A
  • Year of life lost (YLL) is the fatal component of burden of disease, defined as the years of life lost due to death
  • Years lost due to disability (YLD) is the non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injuries
38
Q

Life expectancy

A
  • The number of years a person is expected to live, on the basis that current health conditions do not change
39
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy

A
  • A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, including an adjustment for time spent in poor health
  • It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of morbidity and mortality
40
Q

Self-assessed health status

A
  • An individual’s overall perception of their own health status at a given point in time
  • Factors that influence self-assessed health status include:
    • Disability and illness
    • Energy levels
    • Emotional HWB
    • Access to healthcare
    • Presence or absence of disease
    • Mental state and thought patterns
41
Q

Explain why life expectancy has increased

A
  • Advances in medical technology (e.g. x-rays, immunisations and antibiotics)
  • Greater awareness of health issues
  • Better health promotion and disease prevention strategies
  • Better public health (e.g. access to water and sanitation)
42
Q

Reasons for Australia’s high life expectancy

A
  • Effective public healthcare system (Medicare)
  • P plate system
  • Health promotion campaigns (e.g. Cancer Council’s SunSmart program)
  • Preventative strategies (e.g. random breath tests)

Health & Human Development U3/4 (10 decks)

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