Invasion and metastasis Flashcards
1
Q
What is carcinoma in situ?
A
- Hasn’t breached basement membrane
- Can’t get into any lymphatic channels or blood vessels so can’t spread
- If completely excised → cured
2
Q
What is a micro-invasive carcinoma?
A
- In stroma, can invade lymphatics and veins
- Only small area invaded
- Still biologically invasive
3
Q
What is an invasive carcinoma?
A
- Breached basement membrane
- Invades extracellular matrix
4
Q
What are the steps of metastasis?
A
- Through BM
- Through stroma
- Through lymphatics, thin walls so easy
Veins have thin walls too so easy to invade - Other cells like lymphocytes may have immune response
- Tumour cell leaves
- Invades EXM and grows
Releases growth factors to stimulate itself to grow - Develops blood supply
5
Q
What is angiogenesis?
A
The growth of new blood vessels
6
Q
What are angiogenesis promoters?
A
- vascular endothelial growth factor → tumour cells have to produce to grow own blood supply
- basic fibroblast growth factor
7
Q
What are angiogenesis inhibitors?
A
- angiostatin, endostatin, vasculostatin
- Avastin - monoclonal antibody, binds to vascular endothelial growth factor to stop binding to receptor
8
Q
What else can Avastin be used to treat?
A
Macular degeneration
9
Q
Where is a common place for tumours to metastasise?
A
Lungs
10
Q
Which tumours commonly metastasise in the liver?
A
colon, stomach, pancreas, carcinoid tumours of intestine
11
Q
Which tumours commonly metastasise to bone?
A
prostate, breast, thyroid, lung, kidney
