Patomorphology final exam review

Question 1

Pathology meaning (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Answer 1

Pathology is the study of the processes and abnormalities in the organism caused by dysfunctions in the vital processes of the organism

Question 2

Which two categories is pathology divivded into? (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Answer 2

-ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY (macroscopic changes)
-HISTOPATHOLOGY (microscopic changes)

Question 3

Anatomical pathology definition and two subcategories (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Answer 3

Anatomical pathology deals with morphological changes in the organism caused by diseases. Anatomical pathology is divided into general pathology and specific pathology.

Question 4

General pathology studies and explains which three things (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Answer 4

1) Essential nature and types of disease
2) Regularities of pathological processes
3) Start of pathogenesis, course and end of disease

Question 5

What kind of pathological processes are there? (1. Pathology: concept and tasks)

Answer 5

-Degenerations
-Necroses
-Disturbance of blood and lymph circulation
-Adaptive, compensatory and regenerative processes
-Inflammation
-Tumors

Question 6

History of pathology

Answer 6

R. Virchow in 19th century was the first to point out that pathological conditions may change the composition of cells and tissues. He was the first to describe degenerations like fuzzy swelling and amyloidosis

Question 7

Concepts of health and disease

Answer 7

HEALTH - physical, mental, and social well-being of the organism

DISEASE - abnormal condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various cases such as infection, inflammation, environmental factors, or genetic defect, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs, symptoms or both

Question 8

External causes of diseases:

Answer 8

-Nutrition
-Mechanical
-Chemical
-Physical
-Biological

Question 8

Internal causes of diseases

Answer 8

-Disposition
-Lack of immunity
-Heredity
-Constitution

Question 9

Diseases according to their origin, duration and extent

Answer 9

ORIGIN:
-Hereditary diseases
-Congenital diseases
-Acquired diseases

DURATION:
-Acute disease
-Subacute disease
-Chronic disease

Extent:
-Local (focal) disease
-General (diffuse, systemic) disease

Question 10

How diseases spread

Answer 10

Spread variants:
-Continuosly
-By contact
-Via blood and lymph
-Via nerves (lymph vessels around nerve fibers)

Question 11

Final phase of diseases

Answer 11

-Full recovery
-Incomplete recovery
-Death

Question 11

What are degenerations?

Answer 11

Disorder of an organ, organism and tissue caused by malnutrition or metabolism. May alter the shape, size, location, and form. Can be reversible or irreversible.

Degenerations can develop due to infiltration, abnormal synthesis, transformation and decomposition.

Question 12

What is infiltration?

Answer 12

Accumulation of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, metabolic waste products

Question 13

What is abnormal synthesis?

Answer 13

Lower or higher amount of proteins or amyloidosis

Question 14

What is transformation?

Answer 14

fat to protein, protein to fat etc

Question 15

What is decomposition?

Answer 15

Macromolecules disintegrate

Question 16

Protein degeneration or proteinosis (protein overload)

Answer 16

Changes associated with disturbances in protein metabolism. According to the location or morphological changes, can be divided into intracellular, extracellular and mixed dystrophies.

Question 17

4 intracellular or parenchymatous protein degenerations

Answer 17

-Granular degeneration
-Hyalin-drop degeneration
-Hydropic or vacuolar degeneration
-Keratinous degeneration

Question 18

What is granular degeneration?

Answer 18

Granules accumulate in cytoplasm of the cell (making it cloudy) –> makes the cell swell.

Organ becomes enlarged and lighter in color. Organ function weakens.

Causes: intoxication, infectious disease, disturbance in blood and lymph circulation.

Question 19

What is hyalin-drop degeneration?

Answer 19

Hyaline drops of various sizes appear in the cytoplasm of cells. Weakens the funciton of organ. Irreversible.

Mainly affects kidneys, rarely liver.

Question 20

What is hydropic or vacuolar degeneration?

Answer 20

Fluid-filled vacuoles form in the cytoplasm of the cell. Caused by protein-water-electrolyte imbalance. Cells swell.

Occurs in epithelia of skin, mucosa, renal tubules, renal cells, muscle fibers.

Some infectious diseases might also cause (FMD).

Question 21

What is keratinous degeneration?

Answer 21

Pathological keratinization. Either keratinizing epithelium produces excessive keratin or keratin appears in regions where it normally does not exist.

Caused by disturbances in metabolism, hypovitaminosis A, infectious and parasitic diseases.

Question 22

Four types of extracellular or mesenchymal dysproteinemias:

Answer 22

-Mucoid degeneration
-Fibroid degeneration
-Hyalin degeneration
-Amyloidosis

Question 23

What is mucoid degeneration/swelling?

Answer 23

Degeneration of connective tissue into gelatinous or mucoid substance. Can be intracellular or extracellular.

Intracellular - epithelium cells produce excess mucus and cells get destroyed. (e.g. colloid goiter)

Extracellular - Extracellular substance will be substituted with slimy mass. Fibrous connective tissue will swell and become gel-like.

Question 24

What is fibrinoid degeneration?

Answer 24

Disintegration of connective tissue of organs and vessels.
Collagen fibres swell and break down and mix with plasma cells forming the substance fibrinoid.
Results in dysfunction of organ.
Fibrinoid might turn into hyalin later or cause fibrinoid necrosis.

Question 25

What is hyalin degeneration or hyalinosis?

Answer 25

Cytoplasm of cells starts to resemble hyalin (homogenous, glassy appearance).

Hyalinosis affects connective tissue of organs and walls of blood vessels. Irreversible.

Hyalin production –> walls of vessels harden –> lumen narrows –> hypoxia

Question 26

What is amyloid degeneration/amyloidosis?

Answer 26

Amyloid deposit in tissues between cells.

Amyloid is formed when fibrous protein mixes with connective tissue glycosaminoglucans and blood proteins.

Can be general or focal. Common in liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals.

General amyloidosis is caused by chronic diseases that cause tissue protein disintegration with the proteins absorbing into blood (necrotic and mucous processes, tuberculosis). Amyloid will deposit in tissues and cause cell atrophy. Amyloid will also accumulate in walls of blood vessels and cause disturbances in blood circulation.

Question 27

What are mixed protein degenerations?

Answer 27

Complications of both intracellular and extracellular protein metabolism. Morphological changes both in cells and connective tissue.

Includes also disturbances in chromoprotein, glycoprotein and nucleoprotein metabolism.

Question 28

What are chromoprotein metabolism disturbances? 3 different types?

Answer 28

Causes pigmentation change in tissue.

Hemoglobinogenic pigments
Proteinogenic pigments
Lipid pigments

Question 29

What are hemoglobinogenic pigments?

Answer 29

Hemosiderin, ferritin and bilirubin

Result from physiological or pathological hemolysis.

Intense hemolysis –> jaundice

Question 30

What are proteinogenic pigments?

Answer 30

Involved in metabolism of amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.
Melanin is most important one. Melanin causes the dark color in hair, skin, iris etc.
Melanin is a protective pigment.

Disturbance in melanogenesis might cause an increased production of melanin or production in abnormal locations. Might also cause shortage or lack of melanin.

Melanosis - too much melanin
Albinism - lack of melanin

Question 31

What are lipid pigments?

Answer 31

Endogenic liporotein pigments. ipofucsin and lipochromes.

Question 32

What are glycoprotein change disturbances?

Answer 32

Group includes mucous substances (mucin) and mucinoid substances (mucoids). Mucins form the main proportion of mucus.

Important is mucoid degeneration.

Question 33

What is mucoid de