Patomorpho koekyssät, 2 sarja

Question 1

Diseases according to their origin, duration, and extent

Answer 1

Origin:
-Hereditary diseases - genetical
-Congenital diseases - developmental, already present when born
-Acquired diseases

Duration:
-Peracute
-Acute
-Subacute
-Chronic

Extent:
-Local (focal)
-General (diffuse)

Question 2

Fatty degenerations are divided into:

Answer 2

Parenchymal fatty degenerations (functional tissue) and Mesenchymal fatty degenerations (connective tissue)

Question 3

Three organs that parenchymal fatty degeneration esp. can affect

Answer 3

Liver, kidney, myocardium

Question 3

Causes for parenchymal fatty degeneration:

Answer 3

Hypoxia
Contagious diseases
Intoxication
Deficiency of carbohydrates and proteins
Metabolic and blood flow disorders

Question 4

Parenchymal fatty degeneration in liver?

Answer 4

Liver fatty degeneration - enlarged and yellow

Question 5

Parenchymal fatty degeneration in myocarcium?

Answer 5

Focal, yellow stripes, “tiger heart”

Question 6

Parenchymal fatty degeneration in kidney

Answer 6

In tubulars, border between cortex and medulla reduces. Kidney expands. Greyish-yellow

Question 7

In general, what happens in parenchymal fatty degeneration?

Answer 7

Functioning tissue will be “replaced” by fat or fat will come between normal tissue

Question 8

What are mesenchymal fatty degenerations?

Answer 8

Neutral metabolic disturbance
Cachexia - chronic diseases, malnutrition
Obesity - buildup of fat subcutaneously, omentum, mesenterium, under epicardium

Question 9

What is thrombosis?

Answer 9

Formation of solid mass in blood, lumen of blood bessels, or coronary cavities

Question 10

Factors for thrombosis (3)

Answer 10

Injuries to the vessel or heart walls
Slower blood flow in vessels
Increased blood coagulation

Question 11

What pathologies can cause thrombosis?

Answer 11

Inflammatory and toxic processes (including parasites)
Arteriosclerosis
Tumors

Inflammation may spread from the vessel to the surrounding tissue

Question 12

According to their appearance and consistency, thrombi are divided into:

Answer 12

White
Red
Mixed

Hyaline thrombi may also occur

Question 13

Morphology of thrombi

Answer 13

It has a head, body and tail

Question 14

Classification of thrombi according to the lumen

Answer 14

1) Mural thrombi - lumen is partly occluded, thrombus is attached to the wall
2) Occluding thrombi - lumen is completely obstructed

Question 15

What is pneumonia?

Answer 15

Any inflammatory lesion in lungs

Question 16

6 different ways of classifying pneumonia

Answer 16

By…

-cause
-type of exudation
-morphological features

-distribution of lesions
-Epidemiologic attributes
-Miscellaneous attributes

Question 17

Examples of pneumonias according to their cause

Answer 17

-viral pneumonia
-pasteurella pneumonia
-distemper pneumonia
-chemical pneumonia
-hypersensitivity pneumonia

Question 18

Examples of pneumonias according to their type of exudation

Answer 18

-Suppurative pneumonia
-Fibrous pneumonia
-Pyogranulomatous pneumonia

Question 19

Examples of pneumonias according to their morphological features

Answer 19

-Gangrenous pneumonia
-Proliferative pneumonia
-Embolic pneumonia

Question 20

Examples of pneumonias according to their distribution of lesions

Answer 20

-Focal pneumonia
-Cranioventral pneumonia
-Diffuse pneumonia
-Lobar pneumonia

Question 21

Examples of pneumonias according to their epidemiologic attributes

Answer 21

-Enzootic pneumonia
-Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
-Geographic regions like montana progressive pneumonia

Question 22

Examples of pneumonias according to their miscellanous attributes

Answer 22

-Atypical pneumonia
-Cuffing pneumonia
-Progressive pneumonia
-Aspiration pneumonia

Question 23

What are 4 morphologically distinct types of pneumonias?

Answer 23

-Bronchopneumonia
-Interstitial pneumonia
-Embolic pneumonia
-Granulomatous pneumonia

Question 24

What is tuberculosis? Causative agents?

Answer 24

Worldwide chronic disease of humans and animals

Mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 25

How does tuberculosis spread in the body?

Answer 25

Bacilli are inhaled –> reach alveoli –> spread via infected macrophages through lymph vessels

Question 26

What is the most common disease type in adult cattle in tuberculosis

Answer 26

Respiratory infection (more than 90% of bovine cases). Granulomas form at the site of infection –> granulomatous pneumonia

Question 27

Three different tuberculosis types

Answer 27

-Miliary tuberculosis:
mycobacteria form small focis (tubercles) of infection (like millet seeds). Mycoplasma bovis causes this!

-Caseous tuberculosis
-Peritoneal tuberculosis

Question 28

Autopsy of cranial and cervical organs starts with…

Answer 28

external examination

Question 29

(Necropsy of head and neck)
After external examination, what will you do?

Answer 29

Remove head and cervical organs at atlanto-occipital joint

Question 30

What cut will you make when removing the cervical organs, tongue, and other organs of the head?

Answer 30

Upper cheek is incised longitudinally from corner of the mouth to masseter muscle

Question 31

(Necropsy of head and neck)
Differences in large and small animals?

Answer 31

Small animals: cervical organs are not separated from head, but examined all together in situ

Large animals: cervical organs are separated and placed on their dorsal surface upwards

Question 32

(Necropsy of head and neck)
After removing cervical and head organs, what do you do?

Answer 32

Remove mandible by sawing through lower part of mandible, behind molars

Question 33

(Necropsy of head and neck)
After removing the mandible and examining all the tissues there, what will you do?

Answer 33

Open the cranial cavity (multiple different options how) and remove brain

Question 34

(Necropsy of head and neck)
After removing and examining the brain, what do you do?

Answer 34

Dissect the nasal cavity, nasal conchae, sinuses, eyes, ears, and other parts

Question 35

4 main points in describing lesions

Answer 35

-Important to be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal
-Have to take into account post mortem -changes
-Use as few words as possible
-Use descriptive words, be clear and precise

Question 36

When describing organs, they are divided into 2 categories:

Answer 36

-Solid organs
-Hollow organs

Question 37

Whats the difference in describing solid and hollow organs?

Answer 37

With hollow organs, you have to also describe the contents (nature, volume, consistency etc)