Patomorpho koekyssät, 3. sarja

Question 1

4 final phases of disease

Answer 1

-Full recovery
-Incomplete recovery
-Necrosis
-Lethal

Question 2

Full recovery meaning?

Answer 2

All changes caused by disease heal fully without adverse effects

Question 3

Incomplete recovery means?

Answer 3

Condition is healed, some changes stay, that can cause relapse

Question 4

Necrosis means?

Answer 4

Some body parts die, but rest of the organism survives

Question 5

Lethal disease, different deaths

Answer 5

Disease results in death

-Cardiac death
-Asphyxia
-Brain death
-Exsangionation
-Inanition death (extreme starvation)

Usually several are combined

Question 6

Two types of necrosis

Answer 6

Dry or coagulative (calcification, mummification)
Wet or liquefactive (pus)

Question 7

What is dry necrosis?

Answer 7

Coagulation of cell proteins, dehydration of dead tissue

Tissue is thick, dry, yellow, or clayish

Question 8

Four types of dry necrosis

Answer 8

-Dry gangrene (frost bites)
-Caseous necrosis
-Gas gangrene
-Waxy necrosis (rare)

Question 9

Two types of wet necrosis

Answer 9

-Liquefactive necrosis - in moist tissue
-Moist gangrene

Question 10

Outcome of necrosis (4)

Answer 10

Necrosis may get:
-organised (necrotic foci)
-encapsulated (cyst or caverna)
-calficified (caseous necrosis)
-mutilated (breaks off)

Dead tissue is replaced by a scar

Question 11

What is exudative inflammation?

Answer 11

Inflammation where inflammatory and blood components exude from blood vessels into tissues

Question 12

In what types of organs does exudative inflammation happen?

Answer 12

In organs that have a well-developed vascular system or organs that contain plenty of fluids

Question 13

How does the exudative inflammation progress?

Answer 13

First there is serous exudate
Later fibrinogen will also migrate and they form fibrinous exudate

Question 14

Different exudative inflammation types

Answer 14

Serous inflammation
Catarrhal inflammation
Purulent inflammation
Necrotizing inflammation
Hemorraginc inflammation

Mixed forms can happen

Question 15

What is serous inflammation

Answer 15

-Least severe type of exudative inflammation
-Exudate is similar to blood serum
-Occurs mostly in serous layers
-Can be acute or chronic

Question 16

What is catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 16

-Occurs only on mucous membranes
-Always contains mucus and detached epithelial cells + serous fluid and leukocytes

Question 17

What is purulent inflammation?

Answer 17

-Defining characteristic is purulent exudate or pus
-Lots of leukocytes –> degenerate and become pus substance
-Pus has two main components: pus substance and pus serum

Question 18

Endocarditis: commonly found in which species and from what cause?

Answer 18

Commonly found in pigs
Results from bacterial septicemia

Question 19

Lesions in endocarditis

Answer 19

Often large by the time of death
Lesions start in valves but can spread to surrounding tissues

Fibrin forms large, adhering, friable, yellow-to-gray masses, “vegetations”
Chronic lesions produce masses called “verrucae”

Question 20

Something about myocarditis

Answer 20

Inflammation of the heart muscle

Interstitial myocarditis = inflammatory increase of interstitial connective tissue

In chronic myocarditis, chordae tendinae can thicken

Question 21

Three types of pericarditis:

Answer 21

-Fibrinous pericarditis
-Suppurative pericarditis
-Constrictive pericarditis

Question 22

What causes fibrinous pericarditis?

Answer 22

Bacterial septicaemias

Question 23

What happens in fibrinous pericarditis

Answer 23

Visceral and parietal pericardial surfaces are covered by yellow fibrin deposits

Layers might adhere together - when separated –> “bread and butter” heart

Question 24

What causes suppurative pericarditis?

Answer 24

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle

Question 25

What is Erysipelas?

Answer 25

Bacterial infection of upper dermis of skin of pigs, “diamond skin disease”

Question 26

What causes erysipelas (agent)?

Answer 26

Erysipelothrix rhysiopathiae

Question 27

What is erysipelas a result of?

Answer 27

Sepsis

Bacteria from blood embolize to the skin

Question 28

What are the lesions like in erysipelas?

Answer 28

Firm, raised pink lesions caused by vasculitis

Hyperemia and red-purple skin

Question 29

Best time for necropsy

Answer 29

Immediately after death (post mortem changes might obscure findings)

If you cannot examine immediately, cool the cadaver and store in freezer

Question 30

What should the place of necropsy have?

Answer 30

Adequate light, water, ventilation, drainage, disposal, protection to surroundings

Question 31

What should you do if you suspect the carcass has a transmissible, exotic, or zoonotic disease?

Answer 31

Necropsy should be done in a laboratory

Question 32

What should you take into account if you do a necropsy in the field?

Answer 32

The place should be away from sources of feed, forage, and water for the rest of the herd

Question 33

What should you look at first when examining the thorax?

Answer 33

Do the lungs collapse (emphysema)

Question 34

(Necropsy of thorax)
After checking for emphysema, what will you do?

Answer 34

Sternum is dissected and flexed upwards

Question 35

What should you take into accound when doing a necropsy to a newborn animal?

Answer 35

Check if there is air in the lungs
If there is - animal was alive when born