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homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the importance of maintaining homeostasis

A
  • maintaining an internal set of conditions
  • keeping enzymes happy

nervous system: NTM balance to regulating cognition, mood, behaviour. Synaptic transmission; regulation of ntm release, receptor strenth.

excretory system: remove waste, avoid buildup, maintain bp and concentration of electrolytes, produce and release hormones (renin) properly

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2
Q

vant hoffs rule

A
  • for every 1- degrees, the reaction rate doubles twice as much product
  • increased particle collisions, increased reaction rate, increased activity
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3
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A

catabolism- breaking apart
anabolism- putting together

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4
Q

3D shape of enzymes/protein

A
  • composed of amino acids with a specific sequence
  • amino acids are put in a certain order based on genes
  • likes dissolve likes, electrostatic forces, disulphide bridges
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5
Q

essentially, a disease is

A

enzyme/pathway isn’t functioning properly

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6
Q

how much energy are animals using from food to maintain a set of internal conditions

A
  • around 60%, internal regulation is expensive
  • homeostasis keeping cells happy is not linear, contains upper and lower thresholds
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7
Q

the number of calories you need is essentially the amount of energy you need for

A

homeostasis, taking in fewer calories causes the body to use glycogen storage, fats, and proteins for calories

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8
Q

feedback loops

A

negative: (thermostat concept)
- works against changes
- maintains dynamic equilibrium
- trying to maintain a moving balance (nonlinear)

UPPER LIMITS: cool body off
LOWER LIMITS: warm body up

positive: reinforce changes by amplifying an effect
- if you were warm, your furnace would stay
Ex. Increased virus distribution, increased infected people

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9
Q

order of a feedback loop

A

stimulus
sensor
control
effector

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10
Q

why do we breathe faster when we exercise

A

negative f.l.
- co2 and blood pH, CO2 reacts with H2O in the blood to form a weak acid, lowering blood pH

STIMULUS: increased co2/drop in pH
SENSOR: medulla oblongata has sensory cells
CONTROL CENTRE: medulla is also the control centre
EFFECTOR: cause of change-diaphragm and the heart

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11
Q

how do cells know when to act

A
  • P. f.l: oxytocin for birth, blood clotting
  • hormones (chemical signals that influence cell activity)
  • produced by glands, travel through the circ system, affects cells with matching receptors
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12
Q

Baby moving towards cervix (positive feedback loop)

Dehydration (negative feedback loop)

A

CERVIX
- stimulus: tension in the cervical tissue
- sensor: stretch receptors are stimulated
- control centre: hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
- effector: smooth muscle in uterus wall contracts

DEHYDRATION
stimulus: drop in BP
sensor: –
control centre: hypothalamus and pituitary glands (releasing antidiuretic hormone=preventing urination)
effector: increased blood pressure, because the lack of urination increases blood volume

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13
Q

what are hormones

A
  • chemical signals that influence cell activity
  • produced by glands, travel through the circ system, affects cells with matching receptors
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14
Q

what are endocrine glands (examples)

A

kidneys- release urine
lacromo glands- produce tears
salivary glands- produce salivia
mucus glands- produce mucus

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15
Q

function of thyroid glands
function of parathyroid glands

A
  • regulate metabolism
  • control calcium in the blood
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16
Q

infundibulum

A

tissue that connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

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17
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus:
- coordinator of homeostasis
- produces releasing hormones, sent to pituitary gland

pituitary gland:
- found below the hypothalamus in the brain
- controls growth and water levels in the blood
- produces stimulating hormones sent throughout the body

pituitary tube: causes abnormal growth

hypothyroidism: less thyroid circulating through body for cell respiration: decreased atp, decreased energy
therefore, hyperthyroidism can cause hair loss

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18
Q

Which messenger(s) is/are used to regulate meiosis and helps with oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

FSH, LH

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19
Q

which messenger deals with melatonin?

which messenger encourages growth?

which messengers causes milk to be produced?

(both directly work on tissues)

A

melatonin: MSH

Growth: GH

prolactin: causes milk to be produced

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20
Q

posterior pituitary is involved in releasing which hormone

A

oxytocin: acts directly on all smooth muscle (all muscle not attached to bone)
to cause contractions

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21
Q

releasing hormones causes

A

stimulation of other glands to produce hormones
- allows glands to communicate with one another
- are used in temperature regulation

EX. COLD EXPOSURE

  • COLD EXPOSURE
  • HYPOTHALAMUS (releases TRH (thyroid reset hormones))
  • PITUITARY (releases TSH)
  • THYROID
  • THYROXINE
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22
Q

steroid vs peptide hormones

A

steroid:
- go right into the cell. receptor is in the cytoplasm,
- bind with receptors in the cytoplasm
- hormone: receptors complex enters the SINGLE BAND nucleus and creates proteins via protein synthesis

steroid—cholesterol—lipid
(non polar in nature, can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer)

peptide:
- receptors are on the outside of the cell membrane
- will bind with their receptors
- doesn’t go into cell
- causes a transduction pathway (domino effect)
- too large to cross through the membrane (proteins) goes and causes a change
- SECOND MESSENGER PRODUCED: reduced version of ATP- cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinases: enzymes that regulate protein activity

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23
Q

what are steroids

A

cholesterol based molecules that help with muscle building

24
Q

what happens to our metabolic rate when our temperature decreases

A

it’ll increase as a way to produce more energy in the form of heat

25
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • electrons that are pumped through ETC that (eventually are used to make h2o by being attracted to o2 and produce atp) generates ATP from ADP
26
Q

what is the G protein

A

relay protein
- triggers adenylate cyclase to create cAMP which acts as the second messenger
- hormone + receptor = signal (1st messenger)

27
Q

the endocrine system and hormones

what is a gland?

A

organs of the endocrine system that secrete hormones that act throughout the body

28
Q

what is the parathyroid gland

A

deals with calcium levels in our blood

29
Q

what are adrenal glands

A

controls stress, and controls h2o levels

  • hormones that travel through the bloodstream to cells with matching receptors
  • endocrine glands empty contents into the bloodstream
30
Q

purpose of exocrine glands

A
  • exocrine glands are outside substances that are secreted via ducts outside the body
  • sweat and salivary glands, pancreas (digestive enzymes) *
31
Q

what does cAMP active

A

enzyme cascade

32
Q

hormonal imbalances

A
  • can cause severe illness, abnormal levelling affects homeostasis, can be treated with medicine
  • steroids, a pituitary tumour, or prescription drugs can make the pituitary overactive and indirectly cause problems
33
Q

control of metabolism

A
  • Basal metabolic rate: measure co2 concentration difference, O2 consumption can be used to measure metabolic rate
  • roughly measures the rate of energy transformations using controlled conditions
  • alert, rested, fasting for 12 hr
  • insulin, sex hormones, etc. affect the metabolic rate but don’t regulate it
34
Q

why does metabolic rate increase with decreased age

A
  • large SA: V ratio (smaller)= needs to grow : loose heat faster, need a higher metabolic rate
35
Q

what is metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions happening in the body: the production and usage of energy

36
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • the thyroid hormones regulate BMR, long-term stress, and prolonged exposure to cold
  • the THYROID GLAND contains follicles that contains iodine (from blood) and hormone pre-cursors
  • hormones are formed by iodine to tyrosine (Amino acid)
37
Q

t3 vs t4

A

t2 works better than t4 which alters enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways

t3= works faster
t4=hands around for longer

38
Q

goiter

A
  • decreased iodine diet, not enough t4, increased ash, builds up in thyroid
  • iodine comes from salt (mostly, also fish)
39
Q

cretinism

A
  • absence of t3/t4 in early infancy, nervous system develops slower
  • growth and neurocognitive delays
  • short + “long” bones

T3/T4: speed up/ stimulate reactions
- brown fat: mitochondria generates heat, turning cells brown, increased mitochondria, increased heat generated

  • white fat: decreased mitochondria, decreased heat generated, fat drop is large, everything else is pushed to the edge
40
Q

hypothyroidism

A

failure of TSH secretion/damage to thyroid/lack of Iodine (goiter)

  • reduced BMR
  • fatigue, lethargic, cold, edema, reduced cardiac, output, diminished physical/mental activity
  • weight gain, hair loss (decreased ATP that’s used to make proteins)
41
Q

primary and secondary hypothyroidism

A

primary: thyroid can’t produce amount of hormones (disorder of thyroid gland)

secondary: thyroid is being stimulated by pituitary to produce hormones (dysfunction of gland or hypothalamus)

42
Q

graves disease

A

(Can be caused by hyperthyroidism)
- common cause to TSH
- immune system antibodies can mimic TSH function (antibodies and TSH have similar shape, form follows function)

43
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • overactive thyroid, increased BMR
  • hot, irritable, nervous, weight loss, irregular heart beat (arrhythmia)
  • difficulty sleeping, muscle weakness (due to extra ATP= muscles is not receiving everything it should be)
44
Q

stress

A
  • any event which may make demands upon the organism and set in motion a non-specific bodily response which leads to a variety of change

1) demands upon the organism
- stress call for action (response) from our body
2) non-specific bodily response: all events invoke the same type of response, through, emotional intensity can vary
3) temporary or permanent physiological or structural change
- the after effects can cause change

45
Q

what is our body designed to do when stress comes up

A
  • keep us alive, not to cope with stress
46
Q

what is an analgesic

A

a pain killer, caused by beta-endorphin, pain medications bind to opioid receptors in our brain to block pain

47
Q

adrenal medulla’s function during stressful situations

A
  • releases epinephrine and noraepinephrine
  • secreted at times of stress
  • glucose is mobilized in skeletal muscle and liver cells
  • f.a. are released from fat cells serving as extra energy sources
  • reducing blood flow to gut (since its not protected by ribs, so if its hurt it hurts less)
  • Vasco-constriction, increased bp
48
Q

corticosteroids

A
  • gluocorticoids: control to produce a long term and slow stress response by raising blood glucose levels
  • mineralcorticoids
  • cortical sex hormones (testerone, estrogen, etc.)
49
Q

reproductive processes and hormones

A
  • male and female=gamete creation
  • males: quantity, females: quality

female cycle: eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles

male cycle: sperm production in the testes is controlled

50
Q

hormones in female cycle

A

FSH, LH, and ESTROGEN stimulate the release of eggs
- follicle ruptures at ovulation=follicle has the egg in it (when it bursts, it releases the egg)
- egg travels into fallopian tubes (external)
- ruptures follicle= corpus luteum

51
Q

role of female cycle hormones

A

FSH (caused by GnRH)
- stimulating follicle development
- causes release of estrogen
- secreted by anterior pituitary

LH (caused by GnRH)
- surge in LH causes ovulation
- causes development of corpus luteum (releasing progesterone)
- secreted by anterior pituitary

ESTROGEN
- peak levels cause ovulation
- promotes growth and endometrium repair
- secreted by developing follicle

PROGESTERONE
- maintains endometrium
- secreted by corpus luteum
- death of corpus luteum stops the release of progesterone and causes MENSTRUATION

52
Q

what becomes the corpus leuteum

A

the graffian follicle

53
Q

when does fertilization occur

A

when a sperm cell joins an egg cell
- nucleus of sperm joins with an egg
- membrane keeps out other sperm
- zygote formed

HCG- pregnancy hormone

54
Q

what is a follicle and corpus leuteum, and endometrium in the female reproductive cycle in one sentence

A

follicle: fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg

corpus leuteum: structure formed from the ruptured ovarian follicle

endometrium: inner lining of the uterus

55
Q

hormones in the male reproductive cycle

A
  • sperm production in testes is controlled by hormones FSH and LH
  • testerone, FSH, and LH, stimulate sperm production in steroli cells
56
Q

what is a steroli cell

A

spermatogenesis aiding cells

SBI4UN (28 decks)

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