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sbi4un > excretory system > Flashcards

excretory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the excretory system

A

maintaining dynamic equilibrium to keep enzymes happy,

removal of non-solid waste from the body through lungs (CO2 and H2O gas), sweat glands (in skin release: some excess h2o and salts), kidneys (filter and clean the blood to produce urine)

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2
Q

single cells rely on (BLANK) to remove waste

A

diffusion

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3
Q

Cluters of cells require a

A

transport system

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4
Q

is fecal matter the same as waste?

A

No, fecal matter was never inside your body

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5
Q

osmoregulation

A

homeostasis of the water concentration: usually measured by solute concentration

a) freshwater
- hypotonic to bodily fluids
- h2o flow into cells + salt loss- reabsorb salts

b) saltwater
- slightly hypertonic/isotonic to bodily fluids
- h2o loss from cells

c) land
- dry environment
- need to conserve water and salt

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6
Q

nitrogen waste

A
  • produced naturally by amino acid breakdown
  • NH3–highly soluble– highly toxic
  • urea–less souble–less toxic
  • ammino waste to the liver, produces urea, filtered out of the blood by kidneys, lost in urine
  • uric acid- not soluble-less toxic
  • crystals present in urine that can build up in joints leading to arthritis
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7
Q

egg laying mammals and nitrogen waste

A
  • urine is just in the egg, needs to be converted to uric acid – insoluble (fecal matter in birds=uric acid crystal)
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8
Q

how is uric acid production increased

A

increased protein, especially meats
as the body metabolizes purine, a compound found in high-protein foods. Elevated levels of uric acid may overwhelm the kidneys’ capacity to excrete it

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9
Q

what is the top of kidneys protected by, and what does damage to the kidney cause

A

ribs, increased urine output (potential blood)

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10
Q

ureter

A

tube that drains each kidney, brings urine down to the bladder
-external

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11
Q

bladder

A

waterproof holder of urine, anything in the bladder will be sterile, stretches and changes size via stretch receptors (these receptors stretch outwards and the receptors send a message to the brain to encourage urination)
-external

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12
Q

urethra

A
  • autopilot
  • controllable.
    -external
    The urethra serves as a duct through which urine is expelled from the bladder
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13
Q

kidneys

A

bean shaped organ
- 2 layers: medulla and cortex
- filtering units: nephro
- renal artery and vein
- GOAL: to balance blood chemistry

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14
Q

homeostasis for the kidneys

A
  • o2 blood flows in and out
  • unfiltered blood: in through artery
  • filtered blood: out through the veins
  • filtered blood goes back up to the heart
  • keeping the concentration of blood stable
    1) pH, salinity, H2O conc, etc.
    2) remove waste from blood
    3) release key hormones
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15
Q

urine formation varies

A

based on diet, hydration, etc.

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16
Q

what do nephrons do

A

clean the blood and produce urine (inside of the tube represents an exterior body surface)
- nephrons are the filtering units of the kidneys
- they clean and rebalance the blood to produce urine

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17
Q

everything dissolved in blood plasma leaves the body through means of

A
  • increased pressure (force “watery” components out of bloodstream into nephron)
  • transports glucose, water, and ions
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18
Q

The 3 step-process in which nephrons clean the body

A

1) filtration of the blood
2) plasma leaks out through the glomerulus into the nephron in Bowmans capsule
3) h2o, na+,k+ ions, glucose, amino acids are all filtered out of the blood

  • exiting of plasma via holes, thicker as it leaves the glomerulus
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19
Q

reabsorption of materials

A
  • active/passive transport
  • proximal tubule:
  • 90% reabsorbed: glucose, ions, amino acids
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20
Q

loop of henle

A

—-descending loop of henle, lined with aquaporins (h2o moves via osmosis out of urine back into the bloodstream)

—ascending loop of henle
- no aquaporins
- lots of channels for ions: allow ions to move along concentration gradients
- most of the sodium is reabsorbed

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21
Q

distal tubule

A

continued reabsorption of h2o and electrolytes

22
Q

collecting duct

A
  • h2o may be reabsorbed
  • final adjustment
23
Q

tree analogy of the excretory system

A

trunk: ureter
branches: collecting duct
twigs: nephrons

24
Q

excretion of materials

A
  • urea is excreted by diffusion in the distal tubule
  • drugs leave the bloodstream into the urine in the distal tubule
25
Q

brights disease/glometulonephirits

A

symptoms: edema, hypertension, albumin in urine
cause: genetic diseases, forms of cancer
treatment: dialysis, diuretics, antibiotics

26
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

symptoms: excessive urination, thirst
cause: improper ADH secretion, amount of fluid that is balanced in kidneys
treatments: manufactured hormone (DDVAP, nocdurna, replaces ADH)

27
Q

ketosis

A

symptoms: weight loss, increased ketones in the blood, urine, etc.
cause: decreased intake of carbs as the body breaks down fat, it produces an acid=ketones=body’s main source of energy, it now relies of fat making weight loss easier
treatment: increased carb intake, IV injection of dextrose, fluid replacement

28
Q

kidney stones

A

symptoms: severe back/side pain, vomiting
cause: crystallization of different salts in the collecting duct
treatment: pain medication, increased intake of water, using sound/heat waves to remove, diuretics

causes backup of urine bc the stones can block the collecting duct

29
Q

hypertension

A

symptoms: difficulty urinating, severe headaches, possible pink/red/brown urine
cause: many organs contribute to hypertension, the kidney controls is ADH,RAAS
treatment: BP decreasing medication – diuretics, ACE inhibitor, cuts off high BP by reabsorbing salts

30
Q

ADH

A

controlled: decreased bp, increased plasma osmolarity

stimulus: impulses in the neurosecretory terminals in the pituitary, decreased. bp, increased osmolarity

hormones and origin: ADH from pituitary, released from posterior pituitary

effect: decreased urine output, increased blood pressure, reabsorbption of water in collecting ducts controlled by decreased bp

31
Q

RAAS

A

controlled: bp, blood volume, levels of ions in the blood (h+, na+, k+)

cause of release: - low bp/blood volume
- dehydration
- Na+ deficiency or hemorrhage (bleeding)…issues with hypertension…kidneys are designed to hold onto Na+

hormones and origin:
- renin–decreased bp
- angiotensionogen–renin eats it and turns it into 1
- lungs with angiotensin converting enzyme converts 1-2
- more ion and water reabsorption leading to more aldosterone
- adrenal gland, more sodium reabsorption in collecting duct

effect: ion and water reabsorption, and more na+=increased blood volume
- increased bp via vasoconstriction, angiotensin 2=vasoconstriction of arterioles

32
Q

EPO

A

controlled: production of rbc

cause of release: hypoxia (decreased blood o2 with increased altitude)

hormones and origin: -EPO: promotes rbc production in the bone marrow, increased rbc, increased oxygenation and surpresses EPO production
- need iron to make more rbc
high o2 can cause hypoxia in the kidneys and EPO

effect: increased rbc production in bone marrow, and oxygenation

33
Q

glomerulus

A

high pressure capillary network forcing fluid out

34
Q

The part of the nephron where fluid is absorbed from the circulatory system is the:

A

Bowmans capsule

35
Q

Blood flows into the kidney along the:

A

renal artery

36
Q

The part of the nephron that primarily reabsorbs water is:

A

descending loop of henle

37
Q

The part of the nephron that primarily reabsorbs Na+ ions is:

A

Ascending Loop of Henle
flip

38
Q

ADH acts mostly on the

A

collecting duct (increase water absorption)

39
Q

The primary enzyme released when blood pressure drops is:

A

renin

40
Q

Birds & Insects get rid of Nitrogenous waste by producing:

Mammals get rid of Nitrogenous waste by producing:

fish:

A

uric acid

urea

ammonia

41
Q

Glucose reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal tubule

42
Q

Water and Salt re-absorption into the circulatory system is mostly done by:

A

loop of henle

43
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

to maintain blood pressure, absorb sodium, and ensure proper flow rate

44
Q

osmoregulatory vs osmoconformers

A

Osmoconformers maintain internal conditions that are equal to the osmolarity of their environment. Osmoregulators keep their body’s osmolarity constant, regardless of environmental conditions.

45
Q

vasa recta

A

A capillary network that surrounds the nephron to reabsorb things OUT of the urine INTO the blood

46
Q

what part of the nephron collects blood plasma

A

Bowmans capsule

47
Q

where is blood plasma lost

A

glomerulus

48
Q

what is the absorption of water and ions regulated by

A

bp

49
Q

why do egg laying mammals produce uric acid

A
  • less toxic and requires less water for excretion compared to urea.
  • makes it easier to fly too since its less water based and helps conserve water
50
Q

RAAS summarized

A
  • It begins with the release of renin by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels.
  • Renin activates angiotensin, leading to the production of angiotensin II (done by lungs using ACE), a potent vasoconstrictor, which stimulates aldosterone release

-promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume and raise blood pressure.

51
Q

how are kidneys involved in osmoregulation

A
  • filtration of blood in the glomerulus, followed by the reabsorption of water and essential solutes in the renal tubules. The concentration of urine is regulated by adjusting the permeability of the collecting ducts, allowing the kidneys to maintain the body’s water and electrolyte balance.

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