Hormones & Cell Signaling Flashcards
What are the functions of hormones?
transmit signal to produce an effect at the cell level
What are the 6 major glands of the endocrine system?
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroids
- Adrenals
6.Pineal Body
What are the 3 types of hormones?
- Peptide/Protein Hormones
- Amino Acid Hormones
- Steroid Hormones
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
- Ovaries/Testes
- Pancreas
- Kidneys
What is an endocrine hormone?
hormone released and travels to bloodstream til it reaches its target cell
What is paracrine hormone?
the cells that release and accept the hormone are close to each other; no travelling through the blood system
What is autocrine hormone?
hormone released by the same cell
What are the 2 important things about the hormonal cascade?
- hormones work in a cascade
- hormones increase 1000 fold (ng -> ug -> mg)
What is secreted from the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin & vasopressin
What is the posterior pituitary known as?
neural hypothesis
What are the steps of the signal cascade?
- Signal
- Activation of CNS & limbic system
- Activation of hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones (ng)
- Releasing hormones activate anterior pituitary to secrete tropic hormones (uq)
- Tropic hormones activate target gland to secrete ultimate hormone (mg)
- Ultimate hormone negatively regulates HT & AP
What is released by the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary?
- hypo -> releasing hormones in ng (nanogram)
- ant. pituitary -> tropic hormone in ug (microgram)
What is released by the target gland?
ultimate hormone in mg (microgram)
What causes a negative feedback loop in the hormonal cascade?
too much of the ultimate hormone which will act on the hypothalamus or pituitary glands
Where are the hormones produced?
- Hypothalamus: Releasing Hormones
- Anterior Pituitary: Tropic Hormones
- Posterior Pituitary: ADH & Oxytocin
- Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormones
- Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid Hormone
- Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormones
- Adrenal Medulla: Catecholamines
- Pancreas: Glucagon & Insulin
- Testes: Testosterone
- Ovaries: Estrogen & Progesterone
Peptide/protein hromones are products of what?
translation