Lec 13 - Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a haem malignancy

A

a clonal disease when a cell has undergone fneetic changes leading to excessive prlofieration and/or resistance to apotosis

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2
Q

what are clonal diseases derived from

A

a single cell that has undergone genetic alteration

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3
Q

genereal causes fo malignancy

A

usually combo of genetic prdisposition and environemtnl factors:
- infection
- ionising radiation
- chemicals
- drugs

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4
Q

example of genetic predisposition

A

downs syndrome = increased risk of leukemia

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5
Q

2 viruses that can cause malignancy

A
  • human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) = adult t cell leukemia/lymphoma
  • EBV= Burkitts lymphoma
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6
Q

cause of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A
  • mutation in utero
  • but 2nd post birth event necassary for it to occur (mech unclear
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7
Q

ALL: diff between incidence in kids that attend daycare and that dont

A

if do = less likely = more exposure to common diseases, devleoped immune system

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8
Q

example of ionising radiation causing alignancy

A

hiroshima and nagasaki = in risk of malignancy

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9
Q

what chemicals can cause inc risk of malignancy

A

benzene (chronic exposure)

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10
Q

drugs that inc risk of malignancy

A

alkylating agents
can cause myeloid leukemia

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11
Q

what are oncogenes derived from

A

proto-oncogenes

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12
Q

what type of gain of function mutations may a proto oncogene get to turn into an oncogene

A
  • amplification
  • point mutations
  • chromosomal translocation
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13
Q

3 effects of oncogenes

A
  • uncontrolled prolfieration
  • blockage of differentiation
  • preventing apoptosis
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14
Q

what type of mutation usually inactivates a tumour suppressor gene

A

loss of function mutation

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15
Q

msot significant TSG in human cancer

A

P53

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16
Q

genetic abnormalities associated w haematological malignancy

A

Point mutations

Gene and chromosomal deletions

Chromosomal duplication (e.g. trisomy 12 in CLL) or gene amplification (not common)

17
Q

3 reasons for detecting genetic markers in haematological malignancy

A
  1. initial diagnosis and subclassification
  2. treatment
  3. monitoring minimal residual disease
18
Q

what is minimal residual disease (MRD)

A

lowest number of malignant cells detectable using available methods

19
Q

before treatment, avg MRD

A

10^13-10^14 cells

20
Q

def of remission

A

when less than 5% of blasts are detected in marrow
so = below detection limits of conventional techniques

21
Q

what is PCR capable of detecting

A

1 malignant cell in up to 10^6 normal cells
= very specific

22
Q

when is risk of relapse low

A

when MRD is not detected
so can then potentially reduce treatment

23
Q

karyotype analysis

A

morphological analysis of chromosomes from tumour cells

24
Q

fluorescent in situ hybridisation

A

more sensitive than karyotype analysis
- binds to specific parts of genome
=
- detects extra copies of genetic material in case of duplication
and
- translocations (importnant in determining the subclassification)