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geography > Changing Spaces , Making Places KQ 3 > Flashcards

Changing Spaces , Making Places KQ 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what scales can inequality exist at ?

A

global
national
intra-urban
urban-rural
local

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2
Q

what factors make up the HDI ?

A
  • income adjusted to take account of purchasing power in the country
  • life expectancy at birth
    -adult literacy rate
  • average number of years spent in school
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3
Q

what is 1 and 0 on the hdi ?

A

1 (most developed )
0 (least developed )

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4
Q

what is a high index ?

A

0.8 and above

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5
Q

what is a medium index ?

A

0.5 to 0.79

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6
Q

what is a low index >

A

less than 0.5

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7
Q

what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of income ?

A

gini coefficient
absolute poverty = US$1.25 PPP
below this a person cannot afford the purchase the minimum amount of food and non-food essentials

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8
Q

what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of housing ?

A

housing tenure
morgages
slums
squatter settlements

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9
Q

what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of education ?

A

% of females who do not attend secondary schools
literacy rate
formal and informal education

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10
Q

what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of health care ?

A

number of doctors per 1000
access to clean water

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11
Q

what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of employment ?

A

%self employed
%unemployed

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12
Q

in terms of wealth what is fundamental to social well being ?

A

ability to purchase goods and services

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13
Q

what three factors is low income linked to ?

A

ill health
lower educational attainment
poor access to services

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14
Q

what obstacles exist to reduce social inequality ?

A

lack of formal qualifications and low skill sets

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15
Q

what is disposable income ?

A

the proportion of a persons income that is left after essentials such as housing , food , clothing , heating and taxes have been paid

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16
Q

how can a person earn more , but not necessarily be better off ?

A

if a persons income rises , but increases in the cost of food , housing , clothes and fuel outstrip the additional income , thenm a person is a relatively less well off

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17
Q

What

A
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18
Q

What is social inequality ?

A

Unequal distribution of factors such as income , distribution , or health across a population

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19
Q

What is quality of life ?

A

The extent to which peoples needs and desires (social , physiological and physical are met )

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20
Q

What is spatial inequality ?

A

The unequal distribution of factors such as income , education or health across geographic space at any scale

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21
Q

What is standard of living ?

A

The ability to access services and goods
This includes basics such as food and water , clothes , housing and personal mobility

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22
Q

What are some physical factors which may affect quality of life and standard of living ?

A

Graffiti
Vandalism
Level of pollution
Litter
Open spaces

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23
Q

What are some economic factors which fluency quality of life and standard of living ?

A

Access to employment
Level of income
% on state benefits
% on free school meals

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24
Q

What are some political factors which influence quality of life and standard of living ?

A

Opportunity to participate in community life and influence decisions (e.g. voting )

25
Q

What are some social factos which influence quality of life and standard of living ?

A

Quality of housing
Fear of crime
Standards of health and facilities
Access to leisure services
Standard of education
% on lone parent families

26
Q

What is poverty ?

A

Not having enough money to support a decent standard of living

27
Q

What is deprivation ?

A

When a persons well being falls below a generally regarded minimum

28
Q

what are the stages of the cycle of poverty ?

A

Poverty - poor living - lll health - poor education - poor skills

29
Q

What are the 7 domains of deprivation ?

A

Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment

30
Q

How can the IMD be used ?

A

Comparing small areas across England
Identifying the most deprived small areas
Comparing larger areas (e.g. local authorities )

31
Q

What are some factos which lead to a higher standard of living but a lower quality of life ?

A

Longer hours to work
Longer daily commute
Pollution
Migration away from friends and family

32
Q

What is a Lorenz curve ?

A

Graphical representation of the distribution of income or wealth in society

33
Q

What are the axes of a Lorenz curve ?

A

Y axis - cumulative share of income earned
X axis - cumulative share of people from the lowest to the highest income

34
Q

How do you find out the gin i coefficient ?

A

Area between diagonal line and curve / total area of graph

35
Q

What is the line of equality on a lorenz curve ?

A

45 degree straight line
(Slope of 1 which means it has perfect equality in income or wealth )

36
Q

How can you interpret the gin I coefficient ?

A

Coefficient of 0 = perfect equality
Coefficient of 1 = perfect inequality

37
Q

What are the limitations of a Lorenz curve ?

A

Life cycle stages
Individuals income changes throughout their lifetime

38
Q

How can a small income affect the quality of housing that a person has t choose from ?

A

Smaller the income , the less choice of housing there is
Poor quality housing + overcrowded conditions often create ill health tho

39
Q

In ACs , what external factor might also affect peoples choice of housing ?

A

Affordability

40
Q

Why do people liv in slums in LIDCs and EDCs ?

A

Rapid urbanisation
The muncipal authorities are simply overwhelmed by the scale of demand and lack of resources to increase the supply of decent housing

41
Q

What might low income earners have to resort to increasingly in ACs because of high rents/house prices ?

A

Homelessness
Squatting illegally in derelict of empty building

42
Q

What are zero hours contract ?

A

Don’t have to work a specific number of hours per day
A irregular income

43
Q

Why might people with irregular incomes find it difficult to find accommodation ?

A

Because cost of housing inflates at a faster rate than their wage

44
Q

Who used to provide housing for low earners ?

A

Local authorities

45
Q

When and why did housing for low earners decrease ?

A

Low cost social housing provided but since the 1980s the availability of this type of accommodation had decreased a lot

46
Q

Why are there difficulties for people to find homes in some rural areas ?

A

Rise in second home owners
Migration of weathly people into villages in countryside

47
Q

Give 4 factors that link ill health with deprivation ?

A

Sub standard housing
Poor diet
Unhealthy lifestyles
Additional stress of day to day living in poverty taking this toll on human health

48
Q

Give 2 examples of situations whee there might be problems with access to medical services ?

A

Elderly - limited mobility
Living in rural - access difficult if you don’t own a car

49
Q

What does postcode lottery mean ?

A

Depending on where you live the level of medical provision through the NHS varies

50
Q

what does MDGs stand for and who put them in place ?

A

Millenium Development goals
Most governments

51
Q

What was the MDG for education ?

A

Achieving universal primary education

52
Q

Why do most governments invest in education ?

A

To raise standards of living and quality of life

53
Q

Give 3 things that illiteracy excludes people from ?

A

Accessing education
Accessing skills training
Reduces employment opportunities

54
Q

What parts of LIDCs suffer particularly from accessing basic education ?

A

Rural regions
Be far way from schools
Make kids work in farms

55
Q

What is a core region ?

A

An area where economic activity is concentrated and living standards are relatively high

56
Q

What is a periphery region ?

A

Less developed than core regions

57
Q

Give three examples of periphery regions ?

A

Madagascar
Egypt
Russia

58
Q

Give three examples of semi periphery regions ?

A

Brazil
Mexico
India

59
Q

Give three examples of core regions ?

A

Australia
USA
Canada

geography (16 decks)

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