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Micro Anatomy > female reproductive > Flashcards

female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

FUNTIONS of female reproductive system

A
  • Production of female gametes (ova) by
    process of oogenesis
  • Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
  • suitable environment for
    fertilization
  • Provision of an environment for
    development of fetus
    *delivering a baby
  • Nutrition of newborn
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2
Q

BROAD LIGAMENT contains

A

Mesometrium
* The mesentery of the uterus; the
largest portion of the broad ligament

Mesosalpinx
* The mesentery of the fallopian tube

Mesovarium
* The mesentery of the ovaries

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3
Q

MICROANATOMY
OF THE OVARIES

A
  • Ovarian blood vessels are housed in the suspensory ligament
  • Flat, ovoid shape- Simple cuboidal
  • Beneath epithelium is Tunica albuginea – a fibrous tissue but not a distinct capsule and under that is the ovarian stroma aka cortex
  • Cortex (stroma)– peripheral zone
  • Whorled pattern
  • Spindle shaped cells + smooth muscles
  • Lipid droplets
  • Fine collagen fiber + ground substance
  • consist of Tunica albuginea – fibrous superficial cortex
  • filled with Ovarian follicles containing gametes at various stages of development
  • consist of Post-ovulatory structures like
    Corpus luteum and Corpus albicans
  • Medulla – central zone
  • houses Blood vessels + nerves
  • Contains Hilus cells (comparable to Leydig
    cells)
  • Blood vessels being Ovarian artery + ovarian branches of uterine artery
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4
Q

STAGES OF
FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. Oogonium (germ cell)
  2. Primary oocyte in Primordial follicles
  3. Primary follicle
  4. Secondary follicle
  5. Graafian follicle – containing secondary
    oocyte
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5
Q

Ovulation

A
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6
Q

LUTEINIZATION

A
  • Regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH).
  • Luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland convert the follicle remnants to an endocrine structure, the CORPUS LUTEUM.
  • Granulosa cells become Granulosa lutein cells (GLC) - Secrete progesterone to prep the endometrium. They are large cells with Eosinophilic cytoplasm and lipid droplets derived from granulosa cells
  • Theca interna cells become Theca lutein cells (TLC)- Secrete estrogen to maintain thickness of uterine mucosa. They are small cells with dense cytoplasm, ,oval nuc derived from internal cells
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7
Q

what happens in the CORPUS LUTEUM if youre pregnant vs not pregnant

A

Pregnant
-endocrine structure until 3rd month of pregnancy
-regulated by HCG secreted by placenta

The placenta is a large corpus luteum which has hyaline eosinophilic bodies which get bigger and calcify as pregnancy progresses. The corpus luteum deteriorates in 2nd trimester

If not pregnant
- corpus leteum will disintegrate
-the lutein cells - TLC and GLC will no longer secrete Est and Progest

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8
Q

CORPUS ALBICANS what is it

A
  • Inactive fibrous tissue mass
  • formed after corpus luteum
  • The degenerate cells of corpus luteum
    undergo autolysis and phagocytosed by
    macrophages
  • Increases in number with age. Regression
    occurs without a trace.
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9
Q

FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

A
  • Cyclical changes under hormonal influence
  • Basic structure:
  • Wall – smooth muscles (spiral arrangement)
  • Inner – mucosal lining
  • Outer- LOCT (serous lining)
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10
Q

ANATOMY OF THE
FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT)

A
  • Carry ova from surface of ovaries- long tubes on either end
  • Site of tubal ligation
  • 4 anatomical divisions:
  • Infundibulum - funnel shaped; surrounds the ovary; has fringelike projections called fimbriae
  • Ampulla - dilated middle part; fertilization occurs here
  • Isthmus - smallest diameter; secretory function
  • Interstitial - connects fallopian tube with the uterus
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11
Q

CELL TYPES IN THE
FALLOPIAN TUBE

A
  • Ciliated cells -Propulsion
  • Non-ciliated cells - Secretory
  • Intercalated cells - Secretory

2 Epithelial tissue morphology:
* Simple columnar with cilia
* Simple columnar with microvilli

  • Lamina propria – DICT
  • Smooth muscular wall – Inner circular, outer longitudinal
  • Serosa - LOCT
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12
Q

ANATOMY OF THE UTERUS

A
  • Hollow muscular organ
  • Receives a fertilized egg, Retains and Nourishes the fertilized egg

Blood supply:
* Uterine arteries
* Iliac arteries
* Ovarian arteries
* Vaginal arteries

Regions of the uterus:
* Cervix – narrow part that “communicates” with vagina
* Body – major part
* Fundus – above the uterine tube entrance

UTERINE WALL contains
Endometrium
* Inner layer
* egg implantation and fetal development
* Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)

Myometrium
* Middle layer of smooth muscle
*protection for the fetus;
* Expulsion of the fetus

  • Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum)
  • Outermost serous layer of the uterus
  • Mesothelium; single layer of elastic tissue
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13
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Day 1-4 Menstrual phase- LH inhibited, no fertilization, uterine wall shedding

Day 5-14 Proliferative phase - FSH, vessels and glands form in the endometrium

Day 14 Ovulation - Mature egg in fallopian tube, uterine wall thickens

Day 15-28 Secretory phase - no fertilization, hormones inhibited and endometrial wall breaks

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14
Q

ENDOMETRIUM

A
  • Epithelium
  • Simple columnar with cilia
    *Pseudostratified columnar with cilia
  • Simple cuboidal with microvilli

Three Histological Layers
* Stratum compactum – innermost layer; always changing
* Stratum spongiosum – LOCT and glands
* Stratum basale – made of DICT attaching to myometrium
* Stratum functionalis - compactum
+ spongiosum that get sloughed off during menstruation and childbirth

Stroma * Cells have spindle -shaped nuclei
and scanty cytoplasm; presence of mitotic figures

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15
Q

EARLY PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

LATE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

A

EARLY PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
* Height of Functionalis: thinnest
* Glands: straight and inactive
* Stroma features: unremarkable

LATE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
* Height of Functionalis : Very thick
* Glands : Many mitotic figures; disorderly nuclei
* Stroma features: edematous
* Presence of Stratum Basale

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16
Q

EARLY SECRETORY PHASE

MID-SECRETORY PHASE

LATE SECRETORY PHASE

A

EARLY SECRETORY PHASE
* Height of Functionalis: thinner than
later proliferative phase
* Glands: corkscrew shaped glands; central
nuclei, glycogen at base of cells
* Stroma features: edema subsides

MID-SECRETORY PHASE
* Height of Functionalis: Very thick
* Glands: Very wide and tortuous;
filled with secretion in lumina (cellular
debris & glycogen); nuclei are pyknotic
* Stroma features: edema inside of
stromal cells containing vacuoles

LATE SECRETORY PHASE
* Height of Functionalis: Shrinkage
* Glands: Full of secretion
* Epithelium: low columnar to cuboidal; nuclei are pyknotic
* Stroma features: RBCs pool, ↑ WBCs,
edema resorbed

17
Q

MENSTRUAL PHASE

A
  • Height of Functionalis: In 2-3 days, non-existent
  • Glands: Slough off, desquamation
  • Stroma features: slough off, desquamation
  • Other features: Stratum basale
    undisturbed
18
Q

MYOMETRIUM

A
  • 3 non-distinct layers of smooth muscles -
    for strength (transverse, longitudinal,
    oblique)
  • Undergoes hyperplasia (increase in cell
    size) and hypertrophy (increase in cell
    numbers)
  • elastic fibers + connective tissue components (DICT)

Has Vascular tissue layer:
* Stratum vasculare – straight and spiral arteries are located.
* Helicine arteries - undergo ischemia during menstruation

19
Q

PERIMETRIUM

A
  • Parietal peritoneum covers most uterus
    except cervix
  • Morphology: LOCT
20
Q

CERVIX

A
  • Protrudes into the upper vagina
  • leads spermatozoa to the genital tract during ovulation
  • Protects the uterus and upper genital tract from bacterial invasion
  • Passageway for fetus during parturition.

Consists of
Endocervix
* Continuous with the uterus
* Simple columnar

  • Ectocervix
  • Exposed to hostile environment
    SSNK 3 zones:
  • Basal zone
  • Mid zone
  • Superficial zone

Squamocolumnar junction(J)
* Between ectocervix and endocervical epithelium
* Diagnostic site; pap smear samples are taken from here

21
Q

NABOTHIAN FOLLICLES
OR CYSTS

A
  • Cysts filled with mucus that look like tiny
    bumps on the surface of the cervix.
  • Occur when new tissue regrows on the cervix after childbirth and blocks the openings of the cervix’s Nabothian glands, trapping their mucous secretion in
    tiny pockets under the epithelium.
22
Q

ANATOMY OF VAGINA

A
  • Extends from cervix to exterior of body
  • Receives the penis during sexual
    intercourse
  • Serves as the birth canal
  • Hymen – partially closes the vagina until
    it is ruptured

Consists of
* Mucosa: epithelium (SSNK) and elastic lamina propria
* Muscularis: 2 layers of NSIM; exterior
(some SVM)
* Adventitia: thin layer of elastin fibers
* Bartholin’s glands – provides lubrication to the vagina. Also lubricated by the cervical glands.
* Superficial cells produce glycogen

23
Q

MAMMARY GLANDS

A
  • Present in both sexes, only functional in
    females
  • Modified sweat glands
  • produce milk
  • Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly
    estrogens) to increase in size

Areola - Central pigmented area (melanin)
Nipple - Protruding area of areola- SSK, smooth muscle. containing the lactiferous sinus.
Lobes - Internal structures that radiate around nipple
Lobules - clusters of tubuloacinar glands (inactive) or tubuloalveolar glands
(active)
Alveolar glands Produce milk when lactating
Lactiferous ducts- Connect acini glands to nipple - Lined by stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar

24
Q

PHASES OF BREAST TISSUE

INACTIVE/RESTING BREAST

ACTIVE/LACTATING
BREAST

A

INACTIVE/RESTING BREAST
* Glandular morphology: Compound tubuloacinar - Lined by simple cuboidal
(with myoepithelial cells)
* Lobules are far apart
* Fewer intralobular and interlobular ducts that drain into lactiferous ducts

ACTIVE/LACTATING BREAST
* Glandular morphology: Compound
tubuloalveolar with secretory acini
* Thick walls of interlobular,
intralobular ducts → lactiferous ducts
* Overcrowding (lobular hypertrophy) of the
glands
* Proliferation of septae

25
Q

PLACENTA

A
  • fetus (chorion) plus maternal uterine mucosal layers (the decidua)
  • Forms in the uterus after fertilization has
    occurred; linked to fetus via the umbilical cord

Physiological exchange between the fetal
and maternal circulations
* Exchange of respiratory gases
* Provides nutrients for and removes wastes
* Secretes hormones
* Transports macromolecules (viruses, IgG, alcohol)

26
Q

CHORION

A

Fetal placenta
* Forms within 23 days following ovulation

  • Composition:
  • Connective tissue with two cell layers derived from trophoblast:
    1. Cytotrophoblast – inner larger cuboidal shaped cells
    2. Syncytiotrophoblast – outer dark layer of cells covering the chorionic villi. Secretes hcG hormone
  • Lacunae – spaces filled with maternal blood from spiral arteries, later called intervillous spaces
  • Chorionic villi – protrudes into the intervillous space increasing surface area of the placenta that is exposed to maternal blood

Placental blood barrier
* Oxygen and nutrient exchange from maternal to fetal

27
Q

DECIDUA

A

Maternal placenta
* endometrial stroma cells that turn into decidual cells ~ day 24 of menstruation
* Provide nourishment to embryo

Cotyledons on the placenta surface
* Lobular structures on the surface of the maternal placenta - up to 35 lobes are present
* Transmit fetal blood; exchange of oxygen and nutrients with maternal blood
* Malformations of these cotyledons are indicative of fetal abnormalities

28
Q

PLACENTAL CIRCULATION

A

Maternal
* Spiral arteries
* Supply blood into the intervillous spaces

Fetal
* Umbilical arteries
* Two travel from the fetus through the
umbilical cord to the placenta
* Carries blood that is low in oxygen and nutrient content
* Umbilical vein
* Single vein returns oxygen rich, nutrient rich blood to the fetus

29
Q

UMBILICAL CORD

A
  • Transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the
    maternal circulation into fetal circulation
  • contained in Wharton’s jelly (mucous CT)
  • has two umbilical arteries and one
    umbilical vein
  • Umbilical arteries transport deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta
  • Umbilical vein transports oxygenated blood back to the fetus

Micro Anatomy (14 decks)

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