IR Exam 3-12/1 Flashcards
What is the Biblical perspective on war & peace?
- war is an inevitable part of human reality
- perpetual peace is an illusion historically & Biblically
- Human power and wisdom for security can be futile
- God uses every war for His divine purpose
What is a Bible verse that discusses end times wars?
- Matthew 24:6-7
What is one definition of war?
- An organized and deliberate and fatal violence by an identifiable political authority with 1,000 or more deaths in a 12 month period
– at least 2 actors capable of harming each other
What is Clausewitz definition of war?
- The continuation of politics by other means
What are some causes for war?
- human nature (ambition, greed, desire to conquer/revenge)
- ideological differences (democracy v. authoritarian)
- territorial disputes
- nationalism, ethnic or religious identity
- political means or tactic
What is preemptive war?
- targets an imminent threat
- aims to gain a strategic advantage in an impending war shortly before that attack materializes
What is involved in conventional warfare?
- fought by people-chosen, trained, authorized to attack or defend against adversaries
- off limits to kill some groups: women, children, elderly
- fought with conventional weapons
- ends with acknowledgement of defeat (ex: Germany-WWI, Japan-WWII)
What are WMD’s?
- weapons that have the potential to cause large scale death and destruction
- chemical weapons-toxic chemical substances
- nuclear weapons-massive explosion & radioactive fallout
- biological weapons-pathogenic or toxins
- radiological weapons-radioactive, dirty bombs
What is terrorism?
- intentional use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in pursuit of political, ideological or religious objectives
- a mix of crimes and war
What’s the purpose of terrorism?
- to instill fear to attain goals, and gain attention
- ex: Munich massacre-1972 Olympics by the PLO
What’s true about terrorism since the 1990’s?
- attacks have been more lethal
- choice of weapons become more diverse, trucks, bombs, cars
- more efficient infrastructure for terrorist networks like ISIS
What’s true of state sponsorship of terrorism?
- provide resources or safe haven
- ex: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, North Korea, the U.S.
- concern about procession of WMD’s
- some sense–terrorism-the weapon of the weak
What are challenges to counter-terrorism?
- hard to identify, arrest, and kill terrorists
- almost impossible to prevent new terrorist attacks
- gov’ts counterterrorist measures accompany side effects on economy & civil liberties
- increasing use of drones (UAV)
- affective way to reduce threats, personnel can be saved
- concerns of abuse and overuse, concerns about misuse
What is true about cyberwarfare?
- actions taken by states or nonstate actors to penetrate another states computers–cause damage/disruption
–cheap, easy, hard to trace origin
What is true of guerilla warfare?
- not the same as terrorism
- groups a type of violent non-state actors
- form of warfare-small groups of combatants use military tactics; ambushes, raids, hit & run tactics
- ex: Mao Zedongs “revolutionary Guerrilla warfare
- ex: Viet Cong in Vietnam war
What is true of globalization (what we discussed in class)?
- economic integration
- growing integration in terms of politics, economies, and culture
- distinct in terms of speed, scale, scope
Who is the “father of containerization”?
- Malcolm Mclean
What are some “pros” of globalization?
- engine for material growth
- better products for cheaper prices
- freer travel (ex: missions trip)
- cultural diversity
- international cooperation
What are some “cons” of globalization?
- growing inequality
- exploitation
- unethical business practices
- fear and criticism of westernization
- environmental concerns
- spread of disease (COVID-19)
- 1991, 2008-2009 economic crises
What is a bible verse that discusses globalization–in terms of end times events?
- revelation 7:9-10
What is true of economic regionalization?
- emergence of sub-regional trading blocks
- EU (1993-)
- ASEAN (1967-) free trade agreement area (1992)
- MERCOSUR (1991-) Southern Common Market in South America
- Bilateral/regional trade agreements
- 20 in 1990 to 300 FTA’s in 2019
- the U.S. has 14 FTA’s with 20 countries
What’s the TPP?
- Trans Pacific Partnership
- partnership would include 12 countries
- now about 13.5% global GDP (expected 40% without the U.S.)
Who are some leading individuals in favor of economic liberalization?
- Adam Smith (1722-1790)
- individualism
- free trade-laissez-faire
- David Ricardo (1772-1823)
- logic of comparative advantage
What is comparative advantage?
- theory that one country can produce a good/service more efficiently relative to other goods and services compared to another country/business
What is the Bretton woods system?
- American Hegemonic leadership
- economic liberalization
- collapse of the system in the early 1970’s
What is the IBRD?
- the World Bank
- International Bank for reconstruction and development
- designed to facilitate reconstruction in post WWII Europe, and eradicate poverty
- to loan funds to states for economic development projects
- long term infrastructure building
- middle and low income countries
What is the IMF?
- International Monetary Fund
- designed to provide stability in exchange rates
- short term loans to help states with payment imbalances
- now acts as a lender of last resort to keep debtor countries from collapsing
- encouraging structural adjustments and provide policy advise on macroeconomic issues and economic restructuring
What is the Washington consensus?
- a set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries since the 1980’s
- agreed and espouses the IMF, WB, and U.S. treasury dept.
- neoliberalism advocating for free market-reduction of state intervention
- privatization
- liberalization of trade and FDI
- deregulation for open competition
- tax reforms